First we talk about the difference between urban design and housing or transit policy. Then we go over different externalities to manage. This includes urban heat, noise, mental health, traffic, carbon emissions, and more. We then talk about ways to minimize traffic accidents, the importance of grid pattern streets, and optimal zoning reforming. We then discuss densification of housing, dedicated bus lines, and the best ways to reduce noise. After this, we talk about policies that optimize mental health.

Overall, the key principles of good urban design include grid patterns, dense housing, public transit friendly streets, and lots of greenergy.

0:45: What is Urban Design? (vs. Housing & Transit)

3:16: Externalities that need to be managed

4:51: Traffic Accidents (2)

8:48: Grid patterns (2)

14:45: Zoning reform (2)

16:30: Densification (2)

17:00: Dedicated bus lanes

19:05: Noise (2)

22:40: Mental Health (2) (3)

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Following this, we go over various common political ideologies. On the left, this includes left-neoliberalism, social democracy, green politics, and democratic socialism. On the right, we discuss additional movements. We then talk about

00:00 Introduction

00:13 Defining Social Policy

02:03 Culture vs. Social Policy

02:57 Environmental Politics

04:08 International Relations Axes

05:00 Democracy, Civil Liberties, Rule of Law

06:50 The Four Big Axes of Politics

07:14 Common Political Ideologies

8:45 Classical Liberalism

9:48 Neoliberalism

10:38 Libertarianism

12:09 Left-wing movements

12:35 Identitarian Left

12:42 Democratic Socialism

13:32 Social Democracy

13:54 Green Politics

21:44 Right-wing movements

21:44 neoliberal right

21:10 Christian Democracy

24:36 Burkian Conservatism

26:07 Neoconservatism

27:15 Identitarian Right

28:17 Voter Behavior and Party Coalitions

32:19 Fringe Ideologies

32:22 Fascism

32:27 Juntas

32:38 Absolute Monarchies

32:56 Anarchism

33:03 Marxism/Communism

33:11 Syndicalism

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We first discuss what it means to be on the left vs right, the looseness of political beliefs, and the difference between party and ideology over time. We discuss the coalitions of ideologies in the context of parties as well. Then, we talk about the history of political ideology, and the growth of left vs right politics in the French revolution. Following this, we go over the modern definition of left vs right.

Then, we go over the consistency of people's political beliefs, and their symbolic vs operational beliefs.

Finally, we go over economic axes in politics, to include trade policy, fiscal policy, and monetary policy.

0:00 Intro 1:24 Political compass text

2:00 What it means to be left vs right

2:47 Economic, social, and international policy

3:56 Looseness of political beliefs (2)

4:20 Party vs ideology

5:00 coalitions within two party

6:47 History of political ideology

10:20 Left vs Right in the French Revolution

12:36 Modern definition of left vs right

14:07 consistency of political beliefs (2)

18:05 Symbolic vs operational ideology

22:00 Bundling of unrelated policy positions

23:00 Economic axis: trade policy (2) vs fiscal policy vs monetary policy

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about agriculture policy. What kind of subsidies exist and why? This is part 1 of 2 episodes?

We first briefly discuss the different types of farming, to include a completely free-market farming, subsidized farming, and collectivized soviet-style farming. Then, we discuss the comparison of subsidy levels between different countries. New Zealand is the lowest with a near 0% level of agriculture subsidies. On the other hand, many countries with high levels of subsidies include Iceland, Japan, and Norway. We then go over an article which discusses New Zealand's decision to pull subsidies in the 1980s. This led to an increased efficiency in farm production and did not lead to reliance on imports for food.

After all of this, we go over the farm bill and similar policies which help shape the system of farm subsidies in the US. This includes price loss coverage and agricultural risk coverage, which help pay farmers if commodity prices get too low. Marketing assistance loans are similar and involve lending money when prices get low. Crop insurance helps cover for issues like severe weather, crop failure, etc. Various conservation programs incentivize the use of environmentally friendly practices.

We then talk about disaster assistance programs, specialty crop support programs, and biofuel programs.

4:20 collective farming 

6:38 OECD white paper with country comparisons

9:57 CATO article on total subsidies

13:43 Farm bill (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about public transportation. What forms of transit make the most sense? This is part 2 of 2 episodes.

We first discuss gas taxes, both at the federal and state level, and how these are used to fund highway maintenance. We then discuss rail funding, which lacks a dedicated trust fund and is more volatile in availability. Then we talk about factors which increase rail transit use demand, to include neighborhood density. We then discuss congrestion prices, and the role they plan in controlling externalities associated with driving. Similarly, we go over the topic of dynamic parking pricing, which helps adjust demand for street parking.

We go over whether or not adding extra lanes is an effective method of reducing traffic. Then, we talk about various methods to reduce traffic accidents, to include more mass transit use, bicycle lanes, and fewer "stroads". Then, we discuss potential technology innovations in transportation. Finally, we go over the conspiracy theory of "15 minute cities", and whether or not this is a fair argument against walkable cities. 1:30 gas taxes (2)

6:40 rail funding

12:47 density, transit, expenditures

bureacracy

culture

20:33 congestion pricing 

24:25 dynamic parking pricing

28:00 adding lanes

31:43 traffic accidents (2) (3)

41:10 technology

46:11 conspiracies

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We first discuss the international perspective on transit. The US has less public transit usage compared to other peer developed countries, although even those countries do not have full public transit penetration. We then discuss the different approaches to rail use, to include government owned rails with private and public cars, fully private but highly regulated private rails, and private rails with public cars.

Then we discuss the issue with the speed of construction in the US. Afterwards, we talk about the different transportation methods which exist, and the pros and cons of each. These include auto, bus, light rail, heavy rail, high speed rail, monorail, flying, ferries, and more.. After this, we discuss the cost of these different methods, to include the externalized costs. Finally, we go over saftey, carbon emissions, and timeliness of different methods.

3:22 international perspective (2) (3)

12:03 Government vs private sector

17:41 Speed of construction

19:40 transportation methods

27:14 pros and cons of methods

29:24 Cost comparison of methods (2)

37:25 safety

41:09 carbon emissions 

43:44 time

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William Henderson and B. McGraw discuss welfare in the United States. What programs do we have? Is it beneficial for society on balance?

We first talk about an overview of the different types of programs. Most of the programs by dollar figure are focused on the elderly and on healthcare, with much less focused on other programs. These major programs include social security, medicare, and medicaid. After this we talk about the general best practices around welfare design, to include tapering the ending of benefits, avoiding eligibility cliffs, etc.

We then discuss the effects of welfare on crime, to include lower crime rates tied to unemployment insurance. We then talk about the effect of universal healthcare in reducing per capital healthcare costs. After this we go over the effects of welfare on birth rates and family structure, effects on economic growth, and impacts on internal labor mobility. Then we go over issues like funding issues, fraud, gaps in the system, administrative inefficiencies, and more. We then go over some general questions and comments.

0:29 Disaster insurance

3:00 Old age programs

3:13 Poverty programs

5:43 Welfare design

9:33 Welfare and crime 

10:21 Healthcare cost vs output (2) (3)

11:14 Economic effects

14:12 Birth rate / family structure (2) (3)

19:26 Effect on economic growth?

19:49 Internal labor mobility?

21:50 Funding issues

22:47 Fraud

23:41 Gaps in system

24:55 Inefficiencies

26:35 Editorializing 

30:03 Comments 

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Additional Information:

CHIP

Head Start

LIHEAP

Medicare Medicaid

Pell Grants Social Security

SNAP

SSI

SSDI

TANF

Unemployment Insurance

VA Benefits (2) (3)

WIC

Overall Stats (2)

William Henderson and B. McGraw discuss welfare in the United States. What programs do we have? Is it beneficial for society on balance?

We first discuss the different types of systems which existed before government furnished aid. This includes religious charities, family networks, and more. Then we talk about the origins of state-based social programs, to include the English poor laws, as well as the New Deal in the United States. We then discuss government vs localized charity, and the pros and cons of each. We discuss the economic benefits of social programs, to include increased productivity of people who are given a path back to employment. Then we go over the founding fathers' views on welfare - to include Thomas Paine. Then, we discuss libertarian views on the topic, such as by F.A. Hayek and Milton Friedman. Finally, we discuss the origins of anti-welfare ideology, which traces its origins partly to social darwinism.

3:19 Pre-government welfare

6:02 English poor laws

7:12 New deal

7:50 Governmental vs local welfare

9:10 Religious origin 

9:23 Productivity

11:23 Founding father

13:00 Thomas Paine

14:20 Adam Smith

15:07 Libertarianism 

16:19 FA Hayek

17:35 Social darwinism

22:09 Marxist argument 

23:25 Country comparisons

27:50 Types of welfare 

31:29 Comments

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We discuss the tax rate of different income quintiles, both before and after transfer payments. We then discuss the net fiscal contribution each US state makes to the federal government. Next, we go over the tax rates at which government revenue is maximized, as well as the tax rates which maximize GDP growth. Next, we go over ways in which wealthier people evade taxes. We discuss the conceptual framework of corporate vs individual income vs capital gains tax. Wealthier people often avoid capital gains tax by borrowing money using stock as collateral.

We discuss several reform ideas, to include transitioning from a sales tax to a VAT tax, transitioning from property tax to land tax, closing loopholes, and finding better ways to tax capital gains (to include removing step up cost basis). 0:56 Tax rates before and after transfers

3:00 State net contribution

8:55 Revenue maximizing tax rate

10:33 Revenue maximizes capital gains tax rate

11:25 GDP growth maximization (Pg 12-14) (2)

14:48 Why wealthy can pay lower taxes (1) (2) (3)

18:05 Corporate tax avoidance

19:12 Capital gains tax

20:30 Real estate

22:13 Reform ideas (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

23:54 VAT tax

26:33 land tax (1) (2) (3)

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about taxes in the United States. Why do we have them? What are the different types of taxes? What are the best tax policies? This is part 1 of 2 episodes.

First we talk about the reason why taxes exist and an international comparison of rates. Then, we talk about trends in federal rates over time. During the 19th century, the US had an extremely low rate, consisting mostly of tariffs. This changed with the introduction of the amendment allowing for a national income tax, with additional increases during the New Deal era. Interestingly, a much larger percentage were paid by high income earners and by corporations. Over time, this has shifted more towards a higher share being funded through payroll taxes and by lower income earners.

We then talk about the various federal taxes in the United States, to include the income, payroll, excise, capital gains, estate, and more. Finally, we discuss some of the state taxes which exist, and what those rates look like. Overall, there is no clear trend in terms of which states have higher rates than others. Oftentimes, when a state has a lower rate in a certain category (e.g. property), they will have a higher rate in another (e.g. income).

2:22 Intro

3:45 Why taxes exist

11:06 Public goods

11:23 Wealth redistribution?

12:13 International comparison

13:30 Global corporate tax

15:36 Federal tax over time

16:07 shift in percentage types of tax (tariff, etc) (2)

19:15 effective rates by income (2)

23:02 Actual effective tax rate in the 1950s

24:38 Deadweight loss vs social services

28:10 Federal tax types (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

32:37 State taxes (1) (2) (3) (4)

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We first start going over the various actual causes of the incarceration problem in the US. This mostly revolves around tough on crime legislation, to include three strike laws, mandatory minimums, and strict probation and parole violation punishments. Interestingly, the research tends to suggest these policies also do not decrease the crime rate.

We then talk about racial dynamics, to include disparities in arrest vs incarceration rates. Then we go over recidivism by type of crime. Following this, we go over the various mental health conditions which disproportionately affect incarcerated individuals, to include mood disorders and schizophrenia. Then we look at the correlation between personality disorders and incarceration. Finally, we talk about some reform ideas, to include better social support programs which reduce crime rates, less severe punishments for minor parole and probation violations, replacing short prison stays with community service or house arrest, replacing cash-bail with risk-based bail decisions, reducing private prisons, etc.

0:29 Public safety

2:45 Three strikes laws

5:30 mandatory minimums (2)

6:52 Probation

8:07 Racial dynamics (2) (3) (4)

11:11 Rate of being pulled over during the day and at night by race

12:15 Recidivism

12:47 Mental health and crime (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

17:18 Dark triad (2)

19:38 NPD (2)

20:32 Cluster A/B/C disorders (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

26:10 reform ideas

William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about prisons in the United States. Why are so many people in prison? What are some resolutions to this?  This is Part 1 of 2 episodes.

We first discuss the imprisonment rate by country across the world. Unfortunately, the US is one of the highest in the world, superseded only by a handful of other countries. We then discuss where prisoners are incarcerated in the United States. Most prisoners are held either in local jails or in state prisons, with much fewer people in federal prisons.

Then we discuss the causes and non-causes of the high incarceration rate. Non-causes include private prisons and prison labor. Although they are controversial policies, they are not the driving factor behind high incarceration. Marginal causes include the drug war - they are not a leading cause of incarceration, but do contribute to a degree to the incarceration rate. The real causes of high incarceration include tough on crime policies such as three strike laws, mandatory minimum sentences, strict probation and parole requirements, and more.

5:51 Imprisonment rate by country 

10:33 Prison rate map

13:00 Where prisoners are at

15:11 Non-causes

18:41 The sort-of causes

20:46 Real causes

22:08 Mandatory min

22:41 Pre-trial detention

26:12 Probation & parole

28:33 Reddit/twitter arguments

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about healthcare costs in the United States. Why are there supply constraints? Do these cause issues?  This is Part 3 of 3 episodes.

We first discuss the constraint on the supply of doctors due to the bottleneck of residency slots funded by the government. Because of the unprofitability of residents for hospitals, most of the supply of residents relies on subsidies from the Center For Medicare Services. Unfortunately, the annual number has been held constant since the 1990s. This leads to increased salaries for doctors which contribute to higher healthcare costs. Then we discuss certificate of need laws, which restrict the supply of hospitals in many states. Afterward, we discuss hospital administrative bloat, which is notably higher than in most other countries.

We then go over some broader healthcare topics in the United States. These include the role of food subsidies, which tend toward refined simple carbs in the United States. We talk about the structural issues caused by an aging population, the difficulties with rural healthcare, and the negative effects private equity can have in the industry. Then, we discuss various possible solutions to reduce costs, to include increasing residency slots, negotiating drug prices at the governmental level, and more. Finally, we critique some common arguments seen online and why the are generally not valid.

0:50 Supply of doctors and residency bottleneck

4:28 Certificate of need laws

7:11 Hospital admin bloat

9:35 Food subsidies

10:50 Aging population

11:28 Rural healthcare

12:48 Private Equity

15:45 Possible solutions

24:52 Task shifting

25:41 Problematic counterarguments (2)

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We first go over some online arguments and claims related to healthcare. These include claims that the health system is either too free market or not free market enough, the high cost of admin, the theater of hospital cost negotiation, the role immigrants play, the lack of preventative medicine, profit motives, insurance being a scam, and more.

Next we talk about market failures in the healthcare system. These include the steep demand curves due to the critical nature of healthcare, information asymmetry, opaque pricing, the inability to shop for the best service during an emergency scenario, and more. Then we talk about how most vital industries (water, electricity, food, etc) are regulated due to similar market failure risks.

Then, we talk about how high drug prices in the US exist because of the lack of drug price negotiation due to politics. We then discuss pharmacy benefit mangers and the role they play in the drug market. Finally, we discuss the fee for service and pay for value systems, and how the current pay for value system could be leading to unnecessary scans and procedures.

0:40 Online arguments about healthcare

7:25 Initial responses to online arguments

12:09 Market failures

19:25 How other vital industries are regulated

22:08 Drug price negotiations

28:50 Pharmacy Benefit Managers

31:26 Fee for Service vs Pay for Value

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about healthcare costs in the United States. Why does it cost so much? Where exactly does the money go?  This is Part 1 of 3 episodes.

We first discuss the history of universal healthcare, starting in the late 1800s with Otto von Bismarck's reforms in Germany. Then we go over the concept of an insurance death spiral, and why insurance systems across industries are often mandatory. We then talk over the various systems, to include the Beveridge model, Bismarck model, National Health Insurance model, and out of pocket model. Afterward, we discuss why universal healthcare does not lead to authoritarian government control. We discuss how Americans put more money toward health spending than any other nation, while having worse health outcomes compared to peer nations. Then, we discuss where exactly your healthcare dollar goes. Major factors include higher drug spending, higher doctor salaries, and more administrative bloat.

3:16 Top level causes

6:24 Start of universal healthcare

8:40 Insurance death spiral

11:51 Beveridge model

12:40 Bismarck model

14:45 National health insurance

15:35 out of pocket

15:49 US system

17:11 why universal healthcare does not lead to autocracy

20:06 GDP spend on health vs outcomes (2)

21:57 Increasing spend over the years across most countries

24:03 avoidable death per 100k

25:51 GDP per capital vs healthcare spend

26:38 Health spend per capita per year

27:09 Where your health dollar goes

29:53 What is driving higher costs in the USA

35:02 Who owns hospitals in the USA?

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William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about whether we are worse off now than we were in the past. In what ways are we better off than we were 70 years ago or 140 years ago? In what ways are we worse off? Overall, are we as a society in a good or bad place right now?  This is Part 2 of 2 episodes.

Unlike the first episode, the second episode goes over ways in which we are worse off. The include a dropping personal savings rate, rising housing costs, and rising healthcare costs. There are also rising existential risks in terms of climate risks, pandemics, and more. We also discuss the growth of misinformation and mental health issues due to social media. Finally, we discuss probably the largest way in which society is becoming worse - the loss of social bonds in terms of friendships, relationships, and more. We then discuss the rise in deaths of despair, growing mistrust in institutions, and more.

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0:30 Personal savings rate

1:46 Households that are cost burdened in terms of housing

5:11 Healthcare costs (2)

8:43 Existential risks

13:56 Social media (2)

14:35 Friendship and human connection (2)

20:51 Substance abuse (2) (3) (4)

22:44 Deaths of despair

23:26 Lack of trust in institutions (2)

26:15 Fertility

32:00 Follow up discussion on mistrust of institutions

40:18 Are poor American wealthier than medieval kings?

47:56 Climate anxiety

52:00 Decline of US GDP

54:51 Inequality & debt crisis

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4:03 Crime

4:42 War and Conflict (2) (3)

8:21 Health 

9:02 Infectious disease

11:05 Cancer deaths

12:24 Metabolic disease

16:38 Addictive food 

17:59 Global health development

20:26 Health insurance coverage

21:00 Real median household income

24:26 Real disposable per capital personal income

25:00 Food as percent of budget

26:19 Debt servicing as percent of household budget

27:42 Financial obligations ratio

28:37 Household debt to GDP

29:23 Transportation as percent of spending

30:17 Level of education

30:57 Global real GDP per capital

31:50 Minority rights

32:40 Regulation

32:51 Lifestyle: travel

33:45 Technology

35:00 Nuclear war

37:00 US Inequality

39:41 Global inequality 

41:35 Consumer debt service payments as percent of disposable personal income

42:17 Democracy

43:38 Misinformation

45:16 Happiness and sense of purpose 

We first discuss comparisons in spending patterns and budgets between local, state, and federal governments. These include discussions around public housing spending, social insurance, law enforcement, national security, and more. Then we discuss the different tax structures at the local and national level. This includes the higher amount of revenue coming from payroll and income tax at the federal level, compared to more revenue from property and sales taxes at the local level. After this, we discuss some of the reasons behind the lack of interest in local news. This includes a drop in local news, lack of interest in less salient local issues, the transient nature of young people, and more.

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2:31 Local vs federal incarceration

4:53 Public housing spending

5:43 Social insurance

6:21 Law enforcement

8:45 National security budget

11:07 Fiscal responsibility of federal vs local

13:36 Taxes (2) (3)

19:46 Federal transfers (2)

21:00 Drop in local news

25:00 Local politics is not interesting

25:53 Transience of younger people (2)

28:50 Accelerationist argument

32:40 Supremacy clause in practice

36:23 Social issues at the national vs local level

William Henderson and B. McGraw talk about local vs national politics.  This is Part 1 of 2 episodes.

We first discuss our thesis on why local politics matters - it has more control over our lives than we think, and it's the pipeline into running for national office. We discuss the massive number of uncontested elections in the United States, and the low participation rate in local elections. Specifically, we discuss how the Presidential election has the highest participation rate, followed by other federal elections, then state elections, then local elections. We then discuss the constitutional basis for state vs federal political power. Specifically, we discuss the role of the 10th amendment as well as the supremacy clause. Then we discuss the concepts of home rule and Dillon's rule, the role of states and municipalities in incarceration, the number of government employees at each level of government, and the budget size of each level of government.

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0:52 Thesis on local politics

6:16 Voter participation rate

11:35 Uncontested elections

13:50 Participation in elections depends on size of municipality

16:02 Pipeline into federal politics

19:26 Constitutional basis for state vs federal (2)

22:25 Dillons and home rule (2)

25:48 Prison population

33:44 Number of government employees (2)

36:15 Budgets

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0:52 Specialization

2:05 Higher real output

3:48 Trade freedom and GDP per capital

4:08 Rust belt and social disintegration

5:17 Price vs quality competition

10:14 Targeted education?

10:55 Can we compete on quality in industrials

13:10 Difficulty of competing on price

15:31 Modular nuclear in Appalachia?

16:12 Comparing the loss of agriculture jobs to loss of industrial jobs

19:05 Reddit/Twitter arguments

29:48 Tariffs

34:35: Neo-mercantilism & Autarky

36:06 Other solutions?

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1:22 Good Economics Bad Economics

8:23 Diocletian & feudalism

11:01 Mercantilism

15:10 Neoliberalism

18:16 Industrialization in the United States

22:44 Deindustrialization (2)

27:00 Politics of free trade (2) (3)

6:05 Crime rates of immigrants lower than native citizens

7:42 Crime Rates in Europe

7:57 Crime and second generation immigrants

9:04 Europe crime rates among second generation immigrants (2) (3)

10:00 Terrorism and immigration

11:39 Fentanyl

19:00 Assimilation and integration

22:51 Tolerant backgrounds integrate better

28:47 Reform ideas

1:07 points based system

1:38 family based system

3:19 visa caps (2) (3)

3:52 types of work visas

5:52 Percent of immigrants here illegallly (2)

6:26: Overstaying visas

7:08 Asylum seeker

19:20 OECD report on immigration and the economy

20:55 Wage suppression (2) (3)

28:42 Immigration and inequality

29:40 Entrepreneurship

30:15 Fiscal impacts

33:00 Housing prices (2) (3)

3:40 Where immigrants come from

6:43 Percent of US population which is foreign born

9:05 Requirements for entering the US in the early 20th century

12:34 Birth right citizenship

13:34 Ethnic makeup of US immigrants

14:43 Countries of origin

19:05 Asylum seekers

20:15 Countries people are claiming asylum from

24:45 Asylum outcomes

29:55 Is Latin America getting more or less violent

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0:32 Auditing the fed

3:02 Rule by AI

6:04 Politicians trading stock

7:30 Corruption incentives

8:50 Income inequality and corruption

9:30 Extraction economies

10:55 Wage inequality in the public sector

12:46 Pension to prevent corruption

16:17 term limits

16:35 Level of transparency

17:50 Rule of law

19:00 Impunity

20:13 Weak Institutions

21:19 Civic culture

22:15 Corruption & economic growth (2) (3)

23:00 Political instability

23:20 Investment efficiency

24:27 Administrative performance

25:18 Increases income inequality and poverty

27:00 Transparency mechanisms

27:50 Free press

28:47 Higher government salaries (2)

30:34 Gender equality and meritocracy

30:50 Democracy & corruption

32:04 Political Institutions

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44: Revolving door

7:58 Corruption of national vs local politics

8:51 Kids for cash for-profit jail controversy

12:30 amendment pay raise

13:00 term limits and corruption (1) (2) (3) (4)

15:51 Incumbency advantage

18:02 who watches the watchmen?

19:21 Corruption in historical societies

20:40 Pork barrel spending

23:40 Does corruption increase or decrease efficiency?

27:05 jailing politicians

29:19 Corruption in revolutionary societies

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4:04 bribery

5:59 embezzlement

6:20 1MDB Scandal

7:18 fraud

7:30 extortion/blackmail

8:14 cronyism/nepotism

10:10 regulatory capture

13:57 campaign donations

15:33 lobbying

15:50 deferred compensation

16:52 employees not working - is this corruption?

17:24 corruption index

21:58 Citizens United

22:18 Ambassadorships (2)

24:04 Influence of elites vs average citizens

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1:04 Separation of powers

1:57 Outcomes of Presidential vs Parliamentary systems

3:50 separation of head of state and head of government 

11:55 level of democracy

17:24 electoral systems

20:18 Proportional vs Majoritarian

23:37 voting systems (Ranked Choice) (approval voting) (Score Voting)

35:30 electoral college

40:42 judicial system

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2:59 Proportional Voting

5:42 Independent Redistricting

6:45 mandatory elections

7:40 Election Day holiday

5:40 Voter access

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3:48 economic growth

4:51 healthcare outcomes

7:25 stability

8:40 corruption

10:38 crime

13:19 inequality

24:23 politician salary

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0:50 cap/trade and carbon tax

5:11 constraints of vehicle electrification

5:44 zoning reform

5:51 passenger ships vs aircraft

7:50 heat pump

9:45 subsidies

11:37 grid energy storage (2)

13:02 energy NIMBYism

18:22 hydroelectric energy

21:19 modular reactor

22:00 molten salt reactor

24:44 recycling nuclear fuel

24:58 better geothermal

26:07 grid energy storage

34:37 vertical farming

36:05 carbon offsets

37:00 solar roads

43:50 biofuels

44:30 carbon capture

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2:11 Proven oil reserves

3:09 US oil production

4:40 production costs by country

6:51 natural gas by country

7:37 coal by country

8:55 amount of different resources remaining (2) (3) (4)

13:37 exxon hiding

23:35 reduction of GPD from climate change

24:58 oil products

27:12 emissions by country (2) (3)

30:52 Gas Emission by source (2)

31:17 EV efficiency vs internal combustion efficiency

35:09 Electricity sources

37:40 transportation sector

40:20 agricultural emissions

41:29 industrial emissions

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0:52 who owes student loan debt

2:08 for profit colleges

3:14 overlap in outcomes (2)

8:45 coding bootcamps

21:45 international students & faculty (2)

25:00 sports programs (2) (3)

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1:12 Does college teach critical thinking?

2:42 Student learning gains in college

4:29 IQ of college students

14:35 32 states spend less on college now vs before

16:03 pew trust findings on higher education spending

17:18 disinvestment vs easy credit

18:32 changes in appropriations in state tuition price

19:56 expansion of federal aid/loans as a cause

28:00 admin expenses (link 2)

30:20 outcome of increased spending

31:02 discounting (link 2)

32:35 facilities spending

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2:32 political bias in academia

4:50 European vs American models of college

5:00 German tracking

6:48 campus life (including living on campus ) in US vs European colleges

7:20 sports

10:45 college in East Asia

12:12 college attendance by country

15:56 college attendance vs GDP

18:51 change in high school / college attendance rate over time in the US

26:13 median income level college vs non college

28:47 unemployment rate college vs non college

32:57 Is the better life outcome due to signaling or human capital?  (link 2)

This is the Unjerked Podcast

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1:12 urban design and crime (link 2) (link 3)

3:30 honor culture and crime

5:05 the state and the monopoly on violence

11:30 mandatory minimums and severity based policies (link 2)

12:30 prison population

13:15 death penalty and crime

13:50 immigration and crime

15:54 what law enforcement strategies work? (link 2)

17:50 neighborhood policing in Japan

18:40 After school programs

18:58 welfare and crime

19:32 drug treatment programs (link 2)

27:38 is there a shoplifting epidemics

33:20 homelessness and crime

35:41 mental illness and crime

35:54 gun death statistics

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5:00 International View of Crime

7:51 Divergence of crime rates between US and Europe

10:12 The better angels of our nature

11:19 Drop in crime over time

12:53 Even longer term drop in crime

14:50 Drop in murder rate

15:00 Drop in property crime (link 2)

16:40 Most common crimes

20:15 Social isolation as a cause

20:50 Correlation with education level 

21:25 Demographics of crime

22:18 Age and crime

22:35 Demographics of victims

24:19 Personality traits and crime

24:32 Mental health and crime (link 2)

27:08 Substance abuse and crime

29:28 Brain injury

30:27 Childhood trauma and crime (link 2)

31:01 Family connection and crime

33:08 Crime after war (link 2)

35:28 Unemployment and crime

35:47 Inequality and crime (link 2)

38:00 Inequality and income by zip code vs state and crime

38:44 Education and crime

38:55 Family structure and crime

39:28 Impunity

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0:57 jabde.com armadillo article

2:07 rezoning to fix the homelessness problem

2:27 crime and zoning

3:58 public hearings

5:53 condos and coops

7;51 incremental rezoning

8:53 fiscal cost of zoning

10:24 land value tax

12:30 vacancy tax

13:01 remote work (2nd link)

15:01 technology solutions

18:44 effect of banning investor ownership (2nd link)

20:17 public housing (2nd link) (3rd link)

21:06 converting office buildings to apartments

23:55 rent control

26:28 rent control and mobility

29:29 rent control increases price of non-controlled apartments 

31:59 DIW paper on rent control effects

34:16 frankensteining

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1:17 airbnb and rent price increases

7:12 ban of airbnbs in NYC

10:03 less construction after ’08 collapse

11:30 lower interest rates increasing prices

12:07 stagnating home prices in bad local economies

13:15 remote work migration patterns

15:22 immigration

16:28 onion futures

26:19 lot minimums

29:00 two stair requirement (link 2)

30:43 zoning and CO2 emissions (2nd link)

31:42 single family home less efficient energy

32;37 density zoning income segregation

32:51 redlining and zoning (link 2)

34:33 expenditure of public services

36:44 social capital built environment

38:56 Zoning in Houston

40:05 Texas home prices

40:38 Why rents are not going up much in Minneapolis

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3:49 International housing affordability comparison

4:15 OECD housing affordability comparison

6:39 International home ownership (Please check notes & references section of wikipedia page)

7:56 70 year leases in China

11:19 Price to income ratio

12:11 Inflation, square footage

13:26 Household wages income adjusted

15:39 Home ownership by generation

17:27 Millennials more savings

19:10 History of zoning codes

22:26 Increase in investor ownership

23:15 Corporate ownership

28:07 Rental vacancy rates

30:23 Why many new build apartments are luxury apartments

31:26 Luxury apartments help lower overall rents in a city (Link 2) (Link 3)

36:07 Strong towns

36:55 Upzoning increases housing supply

37:16 Parking minimums

39:49 Effect of lot size minimums

40:17 Density regulations and housing prices

40:50 Lot minimum size and number of new building permits

41:40 30 year mortgage

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3:58 Global R&D by region

6:04 R&D as percent of GDP by country

10:35 funding vs performing entites by country

14:53 NIH definition of basic research

22:35 Percent of government spending by category by country

27:22 Academic research source of funds by Country

30:30 History of R&D funding in USA

34:03 US funding performer categories

36:44 US funding source categories

37:30 US R&D by industry

37:57 R&D intensity by industry

39:00 Basic vs applied vs development trends

40:45 Agencies within the federal government

42:18 Subjects funded by the government

43:40 National endowments of arts and humanities

55:55 DARPA created the internet

56:01 NASA spinoffs

58:35 Correlation between R&D and growth

1:00:15 Negative result bias

1:01:34 Tobacco industry funding research

1:01:40 Sugar industry funding research

1:03:23 Alzheimer’s research fraud

1:0543 Journal article paywalls

1:08:34 History of peer review

1:10:17 Accuracy peer review vs preprint

1:10:53 Public peer review

1:13:04 Stanford fired

1:18:14 Extent of p-hacking

1:24:11 Amazon 2022 expenses

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2:49 world perspective on homelessness

6:30 US homeless history

9:37 1980s deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill

11:35 housing affordability, appreciation

12:31 homeless worse off than in the 1950s

13:08 demographics of the homeless (2nd link) (3rd link)

14:53 acute causes of homelessness (2nd link) (3rd link) (4th link)

19:55 dificulty in climbing out of homelessness (2nd link)

22:10 Rates of homelessness by state

25:00 right to shelter in New York and Massachusetts (2nd link)

28:20 influence of housing costs vs inequality vs per capita GDP on homelessness (2nd link) (3rd link) (4th link)

29:33 local inequality

36:00 lack of alternative cheaper housing options (2nd link) (3rd link)

41:00 Tokyo housing

43:10 parking minimums (2nd link)

44:10 higher price points more profitable

49:20 housing vs treatment first (2nd link) (3rd link)

54:05 supervised consumption (2nd link)

58:35 bussing in homeless

1:00:43 cheaper to help homeless (2nd link)

This is the Unjerked Podcast

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3:03 US spend on healthcare

9:30 treasuries as safe assets

11:49 spending history

12:20 tax history

15:20 stable tax rate across all categories?

15:50 deficit history

17:54 national budget categories (2nd link)

22:40 who owns our debt?

27:30 source of revenue (2nd link)

32:14 social security tax cap

32:58 medicare source of revenue

39:17 drug price negotiations

42:00 CBO DoD reduction (2nd link)

42:40 Defense as % of GDP over time

44:24 Ukraine spending

45:31 Iraq/Afghanistan

46:10 Ukraine aid by category?