Dissectible Me 5 minute anatomy

Synovial joint classifications

Fri, 10 Jul 2026 17:45:05 +0200

Synovial joints are specialised for movement. The shapes of the articulating surfaces define what movements are allowed, and we can anatomically classify synovial joints by these shapes and by these movements. We have hinge, ball and socket, plane, saddle and condyloid synovial joints.

Anatomical types of joints

Fri, 03 Jul 2026 18:30:52 +0200

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. We can define them by what they are made of, and in turn, what they are made of tells us what movements they might allow.

Femur

Fri, 26 Jun 2026 18:11:11 +0200

The biggest bone in the body. What pertinent anatomical features should you be aware of?

Ovaries

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 16:50:53 +0200

What would I include if I only had 5 minutes to talk about the functional anatomy of the ovary?

Nerves in the inguinal canal

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 17:42:14 +0200

What nerves run through the inguinal canal and are they at risk of injury during an inguinal hernia repair?

Hippocampus

Fri, 05 Jun 2026 17:45:17 +0200

The hippocampus is part of the limbic system in the brain. What does that mean? What does it do? Where is it? In 5 minutes(ish)?

Oesophagus

Fri, 29 May 2026 18:20:00 +0200

The oesophagus is a muscular tube linking the pharynx to the stomach. The muscles of the face and pharynx are skeletal and under somatic control, whereas the muscles of the stomach are smooth and autonomic. Where does this change happen?

Ossicles of the ear

Thu, 21 May 2026 17:35:52 +0200

Why do we have three tiny bones in each ear?

Stroke

Fri, 08 May 2026 17:47:46 +0200

When we talk about "stroke" or a cerebrovascular event we're describing reduced blood flow to a region of the brain. What are the different types and how does this relate to our functional anatomical knowledge of the brain, brainstem and blood supply?

Trochlear nerve (CN IV) palsy

Fri, 01 May 2026 18:41:16 +0200

The trochlear nerve (CN IV) has the single task of innervating the superior oblique muscle. Unfortunately the actions of this muscle on the eye are a little awkward to understand, so how is the eye affected if the trochlear nerve is injured?

Abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy

Fri, 24 Apr 2026 14:00:26 +0200

The abducens nerve is one of those lovely cranial nerves that only does one thing, making learning it nice and easy. But what happens when it is injured, and how can that knowledge be helpful?

Oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy

Tue, 21 Apr 2026 18:11:50 +0200

What happens to the eye when the oculomotor nerve is injured or compressed? How can these signs and symptoms inform us about what might be happening inside the cranial cavity?

Pupillary light reflex

Fri, 27 Mar 2026 17:58:06 +0100

The pupillary light reflex can let you test the optic nerve, midbrain and oculomotor nerve just by shining a light into someone's eye. Let's talk about the anatomy and how this works.

External ear anatomy

Fri, 20 Mar 2026 17:56:25 +0100

Those folds and lumps of the external ear have all got names. Let's feel the concha, tragus, antitragus, helix, antihelix and opening of the external acoustic meatus together.

Acoustic reflex

Fri, 13 Mar 2026 16:46:00 +0100

The acoustic reflex is a mechanism that protects the ear from loud sounds. It is also called the stapedial reflex, middle-ear-muscle reflex and auditory reflex, among other names. What is the neuroanatomical pathway of this reflex, how does it work, how are the smallest bone and muscle in the body involved, and how can it be useful in determining problems with hearing?

Hypothalamus anatomy and functions

Fri, 06 Mar 2026 17:46:25 +0100

The hypothalamus, as its name suggests, lies in the brain inferior and anterior to the thalamus. It is a central structure in modulating many autonomic functions and homeostasis. What does that mean, and what does it do?

Fractured neck of femur anatomy

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 17:51:55 +0100

What do we mean by the neck of the femur and why do we worry (more than usual) about a fracture here?

Blood brain barrier

Fri, 13 Feb 2026 18:42:53 +0100

The blood brain barrier describes how the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the brain are tightly stuck together by tight junctions, wrapped in the feet of astrocytes and lined by a basement lamina. This stops most molecules from moving between the blood and the brain through any gaps. Instead, transporters are needed to transport molecules across the endothelial cells. Why does this happen in the brain? How does ethanol get to the brain?

Ventricular system of the brain

Fri, 06 Feb 2026 18:37:32 +0100

The brain has spaces inside it, interconnected and filled with cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is continually produced here and flows from chamber to chamber, sometimes through narrow passageways, until it leaves to surround the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 18:25:45 +0100

Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain, brainstem and spinal cord, it fills spaces within them, is continually produced and drained away, but why?

Elbow muscles

Fri, 23 Jan 2026 17:17:52 +0100

The muscles that flex and extend the elbow joint. Biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, anconeus and brachioradialis. What they attach to, how they move the bones and the nerves that innervate them in 5 minutes(ish).

Brain death neuroanatomy

Fri, 16 Jan 2026 16:56:43 +0100

The term "brain death" can be used to refer to irreparable damage of the brainstem or cerebrum. By considering the differing functional anatomy of the brainstem and the cerebrum we can more clearly understand what type of injury is being referred to when this term is used in relation to a particular person. Functional neuroanatomy also helps us understand why movement of the eyes, groaning, and even movement of the limbs can still occur in some cases of brain death.

Midbrain neuroanatomy

Fri, 09 Jan 2026 15:35:54 +0100

The midbrain is the upper part of the brainstem. In here we find tracts running to and from the spinal cord and cerebrum. We find nuclei and groups of neurones such as the substantia nigra, red nucleus, periaqueductal grey, colliculi and reticular formation. Cranial nerves III and IV come out of the brainstem. What do all of these things do? What does all this mean?

Muscles of the knee

Fri, 12 Dec 2025 17:01:34 +0100

Quadriceps femoris and the hamstrings are powerful extensors and flexors of the knee respectively, but they also cross the hip joint. Let's talk about their anatomy.

Pelvic floor anatomy

Fri, 05 Dec 2025 18:10:31 +0100

The pelvic floor (or pelvic diaphragm) describes the structures at the lowest point of the pelvis, largely muscles, that support the pelvic organs directly and everything else inside the torso. Let's explain concisely the important anatomy here.

Finger tendon pulleys and trigger finger anatomy

Fri, 28 Nov 2025 17:40:57 +0100

The flexor tendons of the fingers run into synovial tunnels that let them move freely as we strengthen and relax our grip. These tunnels are tied down to the bone by some extraordinarily strong annular and cruciform pulleys that keep the tendons close to the bone. Let's describe their anatomy and their naming.

Arches of the foot

Fri, 21 Nov 2025 15:52:10 +0100

There are 3 arches in the foot: a medial longitudinal arch, a lateral longitudinal arch and a transverse arch. Why do humans have arches in their feet? What's the anatomy here?

Plantar aponeurosis or plantar fascia

Fri, 14 Nov 2025 15:35:28 +0100

The plantar aponeurosis (or plantar fascia) is a very strong connective structure on the sole of the foot, deep to the skin, running from the heel bone to the toes. It protects the structures in the plantar foot, supports the longitudinal arches and returns stored energy during the gait cycle to improve the efficiency of walking and running. It can be injured leading to pain anterior to the calcaneus on the plantar foot and a condition called plantar fasciitis.

Uterus anatomy

Fri, 07 Nov 2025 18:13:12 +0100

The uterus lies in the pelvis and has three layers. The endometrium is a specialised layer able to receive a blastocyst and with it form a placenta to support a growing foetus. The myometrium is a thick smooth muscle layer able to stretch to match the growth of the developing foetus and then expel it at birth. The perimetrium is a thin covering to the uterus that is largely peritoneum. The cervix is the entrance to the body of the uterus and the uterine tubes connect to the ovaries. Ligaments, endopelvic fascia and the levator ani muscle group all support the uterus.

Musculovenous pump anatomy

Fri, 31 Oct 2025 18:27:03 +0100

What is the musculovenous pump? How does it help lift all that blood from your legs back up to your heart when you're walking around? Let's talk about the veins and their valves, where they lie in the lower limbs and the deep fascia that surrounds them and the muscles.

Femoral triangle

Fri, 24 Oct 2025 17:45:18 +0200

The femoral triangle is an anatomical region in the upper anterior thigh bordered by the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle and adductor longus muscle. In here we find the femoral nerve, femoral artery and femoral vein with some lymph nodes. These large blood vessels can be used to access vascular structures in the lower limb and torso, including the heart.

Anatomy of fertilisation

Fri, 17 Oct 2025 17:30:19 +0200

The ovum (or oocyte or egg) passes from the ovary into the uterine tube (or Fallopian tube). Spermatozoa pass from the vagina through the cervix into the uterus and then into the uterine tube. Fertilisation happens here, in the uterine tube. How does all this happen? What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Big shoulder muscles

Fri, 10 Oct 2025 17:54:11 +0200

Let me try to describe the locations, functions and innervation of the major muscles of the shoulder joint: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, deltoid, trapezius and the rhomboids.

Peripheral nervous system

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 18:31:40 +0200

In short, the peripheral nervous system is all of the nervous tissue that is not in the central nervous system. Except for cranial nerves I and II. What about autonomic nerves? What are ganglia? And the enteric nervous system?

Central nervous system

Fri, 26 Sep 2025 16:41:02 +0200

What do we mean by "the central nervous system"? What anatomical structures are included when we say, "the brain"? Are cranial nerves part of the central nervous system? What is inside the spinal cord?

The 4 parasympathetic ganglia of the head

Fri, 19 Sep 2025 18:09:06 +0200

Let me introduce to you the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head. Meet the ciliary ganglion, the otic ganglion, the pterygopalatine ganglion and the submandibular ganglion. Why do they exist and what do they do?

Foetal heart adaptations

Wed, 17 Sep 2025 16:13:10 +0200

The foetus gets its oxygen from the placenta and not from the lungs when in the uterus. The lungs are still growing and little blood flows through them. The foramen ovale is a flap valve that lets blood pass from the right atrium directly into the left atrium, avoiding the lungs. From the left side of the heart this blood will flow into the aorta and off around the body. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk through and into the aorta, again avoiding going through the lungs. At birth both of these foetal adaptations must close with the first breath and the activation of the lungs.

Cerebellar tonsils and coning

Fri, 05 Sep 2025 18:03:14 +0200

How are the tonsils associated with the cerebellum? How can they be herniated and what does this mean? What is coning? Why is this an important sign? I'll explain.

Cerebellum

Fri, 01 Aug 2025 18:03:07 +0200

In 5 minutes, what is the anatomy of the cerebellum and what does it do? Why does it have 80% of all of the neurones of the brain? Why does it look like a little brain?

Spermatic cord

Fri, 18 Jul 2025 16:08:07 +0200

The spermatic cord carries all the things the testis needs to and from the torso. What is the spermatic cord made of, what are its layers, where do these layers come from, and what are all the things inside the spermatic cord?

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

Fri, 11 Jul 2025 17:26:30 +0200

How can understanding the embryology of the gastrointestinal tract as foregut, midgut and hindgut help us understand the blood supply and venous drainage of the adult GI tract?

Somatic nervous system

Fri, 04 Jul 2025 18:22:24 +0200

"Soma" means "of the body" so what is the somatic nervous system? How is this dividing up of the nervous system useful? I'll try to describe this neuroanatomy concept in 5 minutes.

Ovarian and uterine artery anastomosis

Fri, 27 Jun 2025 17:27:40 +0200

The ovarian artery branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the ovary. The uterine artery branches from the internal iliac artery and supplies blood to the uterus. But they link, and in doing so provide a collateral circulation route between the abdominal aorta and pelvic internal iliac artery. Let's discuss.

Trendelenburg Sign

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 19:02:00 +0200

What is the anatomy behind Trendelenburg gait? Why does the hip drop? Which hip drops? Which side is the weakness on? What might cause this? I'll try to describe this clearly in 5 minutes.

Major motor nerves of the lower limb

Fri, 13 Jun 2025 18:44:42 +0200

A common request is for me to summarise the nerves of the lower limb and how they innervate the muscles. If we think about the parts of the lower limb (thigh, leg and foot) and their compartments we can link each nerve to each compartment and then easily remember every nerve that innervates every muscle. Well, that's the theory.

Aortic dissection

Fri, 06 Jun 2025 18:36:10 +0200

An aortic dissection occurs when the innermost layer of the aorta tears and blood pushes into the walls of the aorta, separating the layers and causing some very dangerous problems. Let's talk through this process and think about the anatomy that might also be affected.

Anatomical snuff box

Fri, 30 May 2025 16:47:33 +0200

The anatomical snuff box describes a clinically useful surface anatomy landmark on the back of the thumb at the wrist, outlined by a triangular set of tendons. In here we find the scaphoid bone and some other structures. I'll try to describe what you can find here on yourself.

Small intestine

Fri, 23 May 2025 17:04:34 +0200

There is so much that we could talk about when looking at the anatomy of the small intestine, but if I only had 5 minutes what would I choose as the most important ideas?

Axilla

Fri, 09 May 2025 18:06:13 +0200

The axilla is the armpit, and an anatomical space linking the torso with the upper limb. Let's define its borders so we better understand where it is and then we can talk briefly about the structures that we find passing through or residing in there.

Hyoid bone

Fri, 02 May 2025 13:25:59 +0200

The anatomy of this slender U-shaped bone in the neck at the top of the larynx is crucial to the normal functions of the larynx and swallowing, but why?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Fri, 11 Apr 2025 18:43:51 +0200

Squeezing in a little more detail about the parasympathetic nervous system I can talk about all of the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic neurones, brainstem nuclei, the parasympathetic ganglia of the head and the functions of this division of the nervous system in about 5 minutes.

Sympathetic nervous system

Mon, 07 Apr 2025 18:40:54 +0200

What are the most important points about the functional anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system? And what central nervous system structures drive the sympathetic nervous system? In 5ish minutes?

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 18:42:57 +0100

I'll try to describe what it is and its anatomy in a concise 5 minutes. Ish.

Posterior triangle of the neck

Mon, 17 Mar 2025 18:09:48 +0100

We can use surface anatomy landmarks to define triangles in the neck to help us locate anatomical structures deep to the skin. Within the posterior triangle of the neck we can find the roots of the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery and vein, and most importantly the accessory nerve (CN XI).

Anterior triangle of the neck

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 18:28:27 +0100

The anterior triangle of the neck is a region defined by surface anatomy landmarks that help you locate critical anatomical structures. Let's palpate together!

Hip joint

Fri, 21 Feb 2025 18:19:24 +0100

The bones, ligaments and synovial bits of the hip joint between the acetabulum of the pelvis and the head of the femur.

Lumbosacral plexus

Fri, 14 Feb 2025 18:25:42 +0100

The lumbosacral plexus is the anatomy of the low back and pelvis that forms the major nerves of the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower limb. It is not as susceptible to injury as the brachial plexus so clinically we understand the anatomy of this plexus a little differently, but it is important to be able to recall the spinal nerve roots of the major nerves here and the functions that will be lost if injured.

Upper and lower motor neurones

Fri, 07 Feb 2025 18:23:43 +0100

Understanding the anatomy of upper and lower motor neurones can be very useful when trying to use the results of an examination, signs and symptoms to diagnose the location of a neurological lesion.

Spinal tracts neuroanatomy

Fri, 31 Jan 2025 18:10:42 +0100

Spinal tracts are bundles of neuronal axons that run through the spinal cord and brainstem. If we think about how neurones work, how they are bundled together with similar functions, which direction the action potentials are running in and the names of these tracts, we can remember what they all do.

Referred pain

Fri, 24 Jan 2025 18:23:48 +0100

Referred pain is felt at a different location in the body from the site that is causing the pain. There seems to be an anatomical reason for this and understanding the theories can help with diagnosis and patient care.

Urethra

Fri, 17 Jan 2025 18:22:44 +0100

Talking about the anatomy of the urethra and better understanding why women get more urinary tract infections than men.

Blood supply to the hand

Fri, 10 Jan 2025 19:05:45 +0100

The radial and ulnar arteries both supply blood to the hand and meet as two arches that send branches off to the fingers. This anatomy gives redundancy for the blood supply to the hand so let's talk about where these arteries run and how they branch.

Thumb movements

Fri, 20 Dec 2024 18:08:16 +0100

The names of the movements of the thumb can be tricky to remember, but knowing the movements gives you the names of the muscles that cause these movements.

Hand movements anatomy (wrist and fingers)

Wed, 11 Dec 2024 09:46:09 +0100

Relating the movements of the hand to the nerves responsible is an important clinical skill. Let's see if I can describe the movements of the wrist and fingers, and the nerves that trigger these movements in 5 minutes.

Erection

Thu, 05 Dec 2024 07:50:26 +0100

The anatomy of erection of the clitoris and the penis is very similar and a rather neat mechanism involving the parasympathetic nervous system.

Bronchial and pulmonary circulation in the lungs

Fri, 22 Nov 2024 20:00:27 +0100

Did you know that alongside the pulmonary arteries taking poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs run bronchial arteries carrying well oxygenated blood? Where do they come from, and where does this blood go to?

Ureters

Fri, 15 Nov 2024 18:19:03 +0100

The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and are muscular tubes lined by a urothelium. They use peristaltic contractions to send the urine in the right direction so do not rely on gravity, and because they run from the mid-abdomen down to the true pelvis they receive a number of arterial branches as they travel and likewise use nerves from a number of spinal levels to send the pain of a kidney stone obstruction back to the brain.

Kidneys

Fri, 08 Nov 2024 18:20:11 +0100

The kidneys manage the amount of water and salts in the body, regulate blood pressure, stimulate red blood cell synthesis, and remove toxins among other jobs. Let's talk about the key points of their anatomy for 5 minutes.

The Clavicle

Fri, 01 Nov 2024 10:46:49 +0100

This episode explores the anatomy of the clavicle or collarbone, the smallest long bone in the human body. We’ll dive into its shape, size, joints, etymology, & muscular attachments. Ever wondered about the clavicles of a T. rex? By the end of this episode, you wonder no more!

Breathing anatomy

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 18:02:54 +0200

The anatomy of breathing uses a number of muscles to change pressures inside the thorax and adds more muscles and more movements when we need more air. At rest you're just using your diaphragm and the elastic recoil of the lungs themselves, when you're a little more active and running around the intercostal muscles start to move the ribs, and when you really need to pull air in and push it out you can take advantage of accessory muscles of respiration that might not normally move the ribs.

Cochlea and hearing

Fri, 18 Oct 2024 13:48:36 +0200

In this episode, we unravel the anatomy of the cochlea, the intricate organ that makes hearing possible. Discover how this tiny structure converts sound waves into electrical impulses, bridging the gap between the ear and the brain.

Intercostal muscles

Fri, 11 Oct 2024 18:25:46 +0200

Three layers of intercostal muscles run between the ribs to form the thoracic wall, resist the pressure changes of respiration and move the ribs. What would happen if these muscles were not there?

Lymph node anatomy

Fri, 04 Oct 2024 18:18:28 +0200

Lymph nodes are little bean shaped structures filled with the cells of the immune system and dotted around the body. Pathogens from skin injuries or that enter the body in other ways are passed to a lymph node and the cells here can respond. They are major parts of the immune system but metastatic cancer cells may also pass here, get stuck and continue to proliferate. This is important anatomy then, so let's quickly talk about it in around 5 minutes of podcast world time.

Swallowing anatomy

Sat, 21 Sep 2024 19:32:33 +0200

Swallowing is a sequence of events that must occur in a well ordered manner to ensure food and drink goes to the oesophagus and not into the airway. What is this sequence and what cranial nerves do we need to worry about?

Popliteal fossa

Fri, 13 Sep 2024 17:02:38 +0200

The popliteal fossa is posterior to the knee joint and in here we can find some major blood vessels and nerves. We will describe the boundaries of this fossa, the major structures that run through here, why this is useful clinical information and a couple of notes about remembering their names correctly.

Astrocytes and brain tumours

Fri, 09 Aug 2024 17:07:07 +0200

Astrocytes are cells in the central nervous system crucial for supporting neurones and their function. A glioblastoma is a dangerous, rapidly growing type of brain tumour. Guess how they are linked.

Nervous tissue

Fri, 02 Aug 2024 17:13:53 +0200

Neurones are the major cells of the nervous system, but how do they work, how are they arranged, and what are the other cells of the nervous system?

Trachea and bronchi

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 17:52:57 +0200

The anatomy of the airway is incredibly important and fairly simple. The structures of the trachea and bronchi are adapted tubes that don't collapse with changes in pressure, and the mucociliary escalator has an important protective role.

Mediastinum

Fri, 12 Jul 2024 17:20:28 +0200

The mediastinum is a region within the thorax between the lungs. In here we find the heart, great vessels, trachea, oesophagus and other anatomical structures. We can further describe where these structures are by dividing the mediastinum up into superior and inferior parts, and the inferior mediastinum up into anterior, middle and posterior medastinal compartments.

Vena cava

Fri, 05 Jul 2024 17:01:53 +0200

The anatomy of the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava in 5 minutes, with a little extra about anastomoses. These are the largest and some of the most important veins in the body.

Muscle tissue

Fri, 21 Jun 2024 17:52:15 +0200

How do skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) change their length? How does this relate to the different types of contractions that we see in gross anatomy and rigor mortis?

Parathyroid glands

Fri, 14 Jun 2024 18:55:38 +0200

The parathyroid glands are vital as they help regulate blood calcium levels. Where are they?

The amygdala

Fri, 07 Jun 2024 18:40:45 +0200

Is the amygdala the fear centre of the brain? What's the anatomy here?

Sinoatrial node

Fri, 31 May 2024 17:26:25 +0200

The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart. Let's talk about it in a little more detail.

Saphenous veins and varicose veins

Fri, 24 May 2024 17:13:51 +0200

The saphenous veins are superficial veins of the lower limbs. Why do they become varicose veins and why are they used in CABG surgery? What is CABG?

Coeliac trunk

Fri, 10 May 2024 18:22:40 +0200

The coeliac trunk is a branch of the aorta in the abdomen that supplies blood to the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and parts of the duodenum and oesophagus. It is important because its branches supply blood to important organs but also because stomach and duodenal ulcers can erode through these arteries and cause significant bleeding. The anatomy here is difficult to describe but let's try and describe the branches of the coeliac trunk and how they supply blood to the organs that they are reponsible for.

Limbic system

Fri, 03 May 2024 18:05:04 +0200

Does thinking about the anatomy of the limbic system fill you with dread? That's your limbic system in action. Find out more in just 5 minutes in this podcast.

Basal ganglia

Fri, 26 Apr 2024 18:17:34 +0200

The basal ganglia should be called the basal nuclei, and are also referred to as the corpus striatum. This demonstrates one of the problems with studying neuroanatomy as terms seem to overlap. Let's talk about what the basal ganglia are, what they do, some of this terminology and what they have to do with Parkinson's disease.

Enteric nervous system

Fri, 19 Apr 2024 19:29:38 +0200

The enteric nervous system describes the nerves of the gastrointestinal tract that autonomously regulate much of its function. Sometimes called the second brain it is a complex network of sensory inputs linked to motor outputs organised into two major plexuses running the entire length of the gut.

Phrenic nerve

Fri, 12 Apr 2024 18:21:09 +0200

The phrenic nerve is well known for its role in innervating the diaphragm and its roots in the C3, 4 and 5 spinal nerves. It also innervates the pericardium, is implicated in the runner's stitch pain and can be responsible for pain in the shoulder.

Sciatic nerve

Fri, 05 Apr 2024 17:49:11 +0200

The largest nerve in the body has many spinal nerve roots in the low back that are often the cause of pain in the lower limb. Let's quickly describe the anatomy of this huge nerve.

Atherosclerosis - the artery disease

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 18:44:20 +0100

One of the huge reasons that exercise and a good diet are so important is atherosclerosis. This pathology describes a change to the walls of arteries that can cause narrowing, rupture or blocking of an artery. If this occurs in an artery supplying blood to the heart or the brain this will probably cause death, and is a leading cause of death in western countries.

Skin anatomy

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 15:26:46 +0100

It's the largest organ in the body (or on the body)? You can't live without it, it is an entire system of the body (the integumentary system), it is the major sensory organ, and it gets wrinkly as you get older. Skin!

Epithelium

Fri, 08 Mar 2024 17:50:47 +0100

There are only four tissues that make up the body (epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous). We should talk about epithelia and carcinoma.

Erb's palsy

Fri, 01 Mar 2024 18:06:44 +0100

Erb's palsy is an upper brachial plexus injury and is an example of why learning the anatomy of the brachial plexus is important. How does this palsy present and what has been injured?

Aorta

Fri, 23 Feb 2024 18:20:30 +0100

The aorta is the major artery that runs the length of the torso, has some cool curves, and supplies blood to everything.

Trendelenburg Gait

Fri, 09 Feb 2024 17:07:17 +0100

Gait is complicated, and Trendelenburg gait is an abnormal gait caused by a weakness or paralysis of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles. How does this work? (Or not work)?

Adrenal Glands and Adrenaline

Fri, 02 Feb 2024 18:28:27 +0100

The adrenal glands are vital and the cortex and medulla of each have different functions. Let's talk about their anatomy and what they do.

Sacroiliac (SI) Joint

Fri, 26 Jan 2024 17:42:01 +0100

The sacroiliac joint is a very strong joint that takes the load of the torso from the vertebral column and sends it to the pelvis and lower limbs. It is a synovial joint that allows a little movement and is strongly supported by ligaments. Pain here is often caused by the joint being pulled too far by the large muscles that cross it or that move the pelvis.

Rib Bones

Fri, 19 Jan 2024 17:54:18 +0100

The ribs are a series of 12 curving bones on either side of the torso forming the walls of the thorax and upper abdomen. Let's talk about their parts and how they move.

Pancreas

Fri, 12 Jan 2024 17:38:16 +0100

The pancreas is an organ that most people know about because of its job in producing insulin and managing blood sugar levels. When this doesn't work correctly diabetes develops. It has other endocrine roles and exocrine jobs too, in digestion. Let's talk about where it is in the body and some of the details of the anatomy of this vital organ in 5 minutesish.

Pelvis Bones

Fri, 12 Jan 2024 12:49:12 +0100

The pelvis has two halves (left and right) but each half is also made up of three bones. Let's look at the anatomy of the ilium, ischium and pubis bones and how they link to the back and lower limb.

Nuchal Ligament

Fri, 12 Jan 2024 12:25:00 +0100

The nuchal ligament is in the back of your neck and you can feel it when you flex your neck forwards. What does it do and where does it come from?

The Pudendal Nerve

Fri, 12 Jan 2024 12:13:12 +0100

The pudendal nerve is responsible for sensation from the external genitalia and the perineum, and for motor innervation of the muscles here including the urethral and anal sphincters. It comes from the sacral plexus, so how does it get to the perineum?

Elbow Pain

Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:06:46 +0100

In this episode, let’s use the common complaint of elbow pain as a vector to explore the anatomy around the elbow.

Terms covered this week: medial & lateral epicondyle. Pronation & supination. Medial epicondylitis aka golfer’s elbow. Lateral epicondylitis aka tennis elbow. Flexor muscles, specifically flexor digitorum muscles (superficialis & profundus), flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus & pronator teres. The extensor muscles, mainly the extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum and the supinator muscles.

The Cornea

Fri, 27 Oct 2023 10:31:42 +0200

Let’s discuss the clear transparent tissue that sits anterior to the pupil and iris of your eye. Today we will explore the 5 layers of this tissue and link back to their function. There may be more to this area of anatomy than initially meets the eye……😶

Terms covered this week: the cornea, sclera, and progenitor cells. The 5 layers of the cornea are; the epithelium, the Bowmen’s layer (aka the anterior limiting membrane), the stroma, Descemet’s membrane (aka the posterior limiting membrane) and the endothelium layer. The debated sixth layer is also mentioned which is called Dua’s layer.

Azygos vein

Mon, 16 Oct 2023 10:31:40 +0200

The anatomy of venous drainage of the thoracic wall. What is the azygos venous system? Where is it found? Why is it important & interesting?

Terms covered this week: azygos, hemiazygos & accessory hemiazygos veins.

Intervertebral disks

Fri, 22 Sep 2023 16:05:54 +0200

We are back! Pun intended. In this episode, Sam will discuss the very important structure that exists between the vertebrae of your spine. The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk. This mobile, compressible, and stabilising tissue is integral for a happy healthy spine.

Terms covered this week: The annulus fibrosus & the nucleus pulposus. Type I & type II collagen. Vertebral endplate & disk herniation.

The Optic nerve (CNII)

Sun, 06 Aug 2023 21:54:45 +0200

An anatomist’s ramblings on the optic nerve, colour vision & visual decussation.

Terms covered this week: The retina & its rod and cone cells. The optic nerve, optic chiasm & optic tract. Trichromats, dichromats, tetrachromats & achromatopsia.

The Peritoneum

Fri, 28 Jul 2023 14:13:47 +0200

Let’s discuss the sheets of connective tissue in the abdominal cavity, aka the peritoneum. Let’s explore how the folds of this membrane are called different things depending on how many folds there are, & how these folds form spaces……that us anatomists also name. In addition to the terminology, let's discuss the functions & clinical relevance of all these membranes, to justify knowing them.

Terms covered this week: The peritoneum & the parietal & visceral iterations of this. Peritoneal fluid. The mesentery. The greater & lesser omentum. The greater & lesser sacs. Finally, what on earth is meant by retroperitoneal?

The Eye (Basics)

Sat, 22 Jul 2023 10:22:55 +0200

In this episode lend me your ears, to understand your eyes. Let’s cover some basic ophthalmic anatomy in a whistle-stop tour of the anatomy of the eye.

Terms covered this week include the cornea, conjunctiva & sclera. The iris, pupil, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments & the lens. The retina including its rod and cone cells. Finally, the aqueous and vitreous humours fill in the gaps.

Bleeds Inside the Skull

Fri, 14 Jul 2023 14:47:26 +0200

Following the Meninges podcast, this soundbite is dedicated to the anatomy of bleeds inside the skull.

Terms covered this week include the cerebral arteries & subarachnoid haemorrhages. Cerebral bridging veins & subdural haemorrhages. Meningeal arteries & extra/epidural haemorrhages.

The Meninges

Sat, 01 Jul 2023 15:08:52 +0200

In this episode, we discuss the three connective tissue layers that surround the brain & spinal cord.

Terms covered this week are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater & pia mater. The leptomeninges & subarachnoid space. We also discuss meningitis.

Hip movements & muscles

Mon, 05 Jun 2023 17:37:19 +0200

Muscles & movements of the hip joint in 5 minutes or less! This is a challenge, but here we aim to provide a broad overview of the hip muscles, the movements of these muscles & their innervation.

Terms covered this week: The movements of the hip, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and internal & external rotation. The muscles of the hip: iliacus, psoas major & rectus femoris. Sartorius & pectineus. Gluteus maximus & the hamstrings. Gluteus medius & gluteus minimus. Gracilis & the adductor muscles (longus, brevis & magnus). The six lateral rotators of the hip: obturator internus & externus. Pyriformis, quadratus femoris & gemellus superior & inferior. The superior & inferior gluteal nerves, the sciatic nerve, & the obturator nerve.

Hiatus hernias

Sat, 20 May 2023 17:35:06 +0200

Completing our hernia series, in this episode Sam covers the anatomy of a hiatus hernia. What is it, how does it occur, what are its consequences and how do you treat them?

Terms covered this week are hiatus hernias (and their types). The oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm, the oesophageal smooth and striated muscles. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

Femoral hernias

Sat, 06 May 2023 09:13:43 +0200

In this episode let's prise out the anatomy of femoral hernias. What are they, where are they, and how do they differ from last week's topic of inguinal hernias?

The main terms covered this week are femoral hernias and the femoral canal. The femoral arteries, nerves & veins. The fascia lata of the lower limb and its saphenous opening.

The inguinal canal & inguinal hernias

Fri, 21 Apr 2023 23:14:42 +0200

This week let's explore the muscular canal found in the anterior wall of the lower abdomen, the inguinal canal. During our exploration let's apply this anatomy to a common medical condition, inguinal hernias. How do inguinal hernias occur & what is the difference between a direct & an indirect hernia?

This week's terms are the anterolateral abdominal muscles (external & internal oblique muscles & the transversus abdominis muscle). The inguinal ligament & the deep & superficial inguinal rings.

Nasal blood supply & Epistaxis

Fri, 14 Apr 2023 19:54:58 +0200

This week let's re-enter the nasal cavity & focus our attention on its blood supply. Why does the nose have such a significant blood supply? What vessels contribute to it? And what happens when it breaks?

The terms covered this week are Little's area or Kiesselbach's plexus & Woodruff's plexus. The blood vessels with the mnemonic L.E.G.S, Labial (Superior), Ethmoids (anterior & posterior), Greater palatine & Sphenopalatine arteries.

The Diaphragm

Fri, 31 Mar 2023 09:07:33 +0200

This week we explore the primary muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic & abdominal cavities. A muscle that was historically thought of as being the seat of the soul. In this podcast, we will dissect out the diaphragm's form, function, innervation, & blood supply. Whilst also explaining the origin of some of the terms we use to describe diaphragm-related structures.

The terms mentioned this week are the diaphragm and phrenic nerves. Costophrenic and costodiaphragmatic angles. The oesophageal hiatus and caval openings. Crura, the xiphisternum, skeletal muscle & somatic nerves.

The Pharynx (An Introduction)

Fri, 24 Mar 2023 15:12:00 +0100

In this 5-minute soundbite, we will cover the very basics of the tube that connects your nose, mouth and aerodigestive tracts. Location, subparts, composition, function and dysfunction. We will also cover sensory and motor innervation.

Terms covered this week; The pharynx and its subparts. Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx). The constrictor muscles and mucosa. The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Nerves of the Hand

Thu, 16 Mar 2023 09:23:00 +0100

This week we cover the nerves of the hand. The major motor components & the sensory distribution of each of the nerves that meander into the distal extremity of the upper limb.

Terms covered in this episode are the median, radial & ulnar nerves. The flexor retinaculum. The thenar eminence & the lumbricals.

The Atlas & Axis (C1 & C2)

Thu, 09 Mar 2023 23:36:24 +0100

Adorning the top of your spine are two unique vertebrae. Arguably the most important of the lot. Your Atlas & Axis or C1 & C2. In this episode, we explore greek inspired etymology, vertebral osteology & investigate why exactly cervical spinal injuries are so dangerous. By the end of this episode, you should be able to look through the 33 spinal bones all jumbled up & easily pick these two from the bunch.

Terms covered this week; Atlas & axis. Spinous & transverse processes. Vertebral and transverse foramen. Vertebral body, lateral mass & articular facets.

The Pineal gland

Fri, 03 Mar 2023 09:43:52 +0100

A fascinating topic this week, the pineal gland. The neuroendocrine structure that releases melatonin and helps regulate sleep cycles. Also, a structure that throughout history people have tried to assign all sorts of unusual functions. Join us this week as we try to unravel fact from fiction whilst covering location, function, and a smidge of clinical relevance.

Terms covered this week are the pineal gland, melatonin, pineal or parietal eye. Circadian rhythm, diurnal & sleep hygiene.

The Carpal bones

Fri, 24 Feb 2023 21:23:30 +0100

In this episode let’s take a glance at some of the trickiest bones to identify, the bones of the carpus or wrist. More commonly known as the carpal bones.

Terms covered this week. The wrist movements of flexion, extension, ulnar & radial deviation. The carpal bones; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate & scaphoid. The anatomical snuff box & avascular necrosis.

Cardiac veins

Fri, 17 Feb 2023 10:25:11 +0100

When it comes to the heart and its blood supply the coronary arteries take most of the limelight. But where does the deoxygenated blood go after supplying the muscle of the heart? How does it return to the circulatory system? In short, it travels through the cardiac veins our focus for this week's podcast. Names, locations and their anatomy.

Terms covered this week; The great, the middle and the small cardiac veins. The coronary sinus.

The Brainstem (An Introduction)

Fri, 10 Feb 2023 13:31:41 +0100

This week let's take a first pass at covering some brainstem anatomy. Let's discuss the three subsections, the broad functions these have, and point out some of the fascinating features this vital area of the brain houses.

Terms covered this week, The midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata. The cerebral and cerebellar peduncles. The corpora quadragemina, which itself is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi. The red nucleus, the substantia nigra and the reticular formation. The medullary pyramids and lots of cranial nerve nuclei.

The Pericardium

Thu, 02 Feb 2023 12:29:09 +0100

Today let’s discuss the membranous layers of tissue that house and protect the heart. What they are, where they are, function, innervation, importance, and a smidge of clinical relevance to finish.

Terms covered this week. Layers of the heart; endocardium, myocardium & epicardium. The two layers of the pericardium; the serous pericardium (itself divided into visceral & parietal) & the fibrous pericardium. The pericardial cavity. Phrenic nerves & cardiac tamponade.

Teeth (The basics)

Thu, 26 Jan 2023 18:11:54 +0100

In this episode let’s take a bite out of some dental anatomy, by covering the basics of the tooth. Let’s uncover some details of the organic living rocks that inhabit our jaws, made up of four tissue types with a rich neurovascular supply.

Terms discussed in today’s episode are gingiva, the crown & the root of a tooth. The four tissues are enamel, cementum, dentin & pulp. The gomphosis joint is formed by the periodontal ligaments & finishing off we discuss the neurovascular supply of the superior & inferior alveolar nerves, arteries & veins.

Coronary arteries

Fri, 20 Jan 2023 16:43:33 +0100

The tissue and muscle of the heart need a good blood supply. Enter the coronary arteries. A left and a right but also some other major branches to know about.

Terms, or arteries covered this week; The aorta. The right coronary artery & the posterior descending artery (PDA). The left coronary artery, circumflex artery & anterior interventricular artery aka left anterior descending artery (LAD).

Shoulder bones and joints

Sun, 15 Jan 2023 22:32:59 +0100

In this episode, we explore the osteology of the shoulder. The bones, joints & mobility vs stability.

Terms covered in this episode; The bones of the humerus, clavicle and scapular. The articulations of the glenohumeral joint, the acromioclavicular joint and the sternoclavicular joint. Finally the bony projections of the coracoid process, the acromion and the spine of the scapular.

The Thalamus

Tue, 03 Jan 2023 16:00:35 +0100

A neuroanatomical review of the thalamus. What is it, where is it, what does it do, what happens when it gets damaged, that sort of thing.

The Perineum

Thu, 08 Dec 2022 18:41:21 +0100

Definitions, locations, anatomical associations, innervations and in fact most of the 'ations' involving the perineum. NB This is NOT to be confused with the term peroneal which is all things related to the fibula and calf of the leg.

Terms covered this week; Perineum, pelvic floor & pelvic diaphragm. Perineal membrane, perineal body & urogenital triangle. Superficial & deep perineal pouches. Pudendal nerves, arteries & veins.

The Muscles of Mastication

Thu, 01 Dec 2022 17:03:00 +0100

Building on a previous episode that discussed the mandible, in this soundbite we cover the muscles that act upon the lower jaw to chew, the muscles of mastication.

Terms covered this week are four muscles: the temporalis, the masseter and the medial & lateral pterygoids. Some bony anatomy in the sphenoid bone, the pterygoid plates, the zygomatic arch and the coronoid process of the mandible. Finally, the nerve that controls them all. The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CNV3).

Thoracic apertures

Fri, 25 Nov 2022 11:00:35 +0100

In this episode, we review the anatomy of the thoracic apertures. What are they, where are they and what are the main structures that pass through their openings?

Terms covered this week; superior and inferior thoracic apertures. The thoracic inlet and outlet (confusingly the same thing). Finally the well-documented clinical condition of thoracic outlet syndrome.

Pleural Recesses

Thu, 17 Nov 2022 19:19:31 +0100

Let's take another look at the pleura in this episode. This time let's focus on the pleural recesses, innervation of the pleura and some clinical relevance.

Terms covered this week; Costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura & mediastinal pleura. The pleural recess (aka the costophrenic recess) & the costomediastinal recess. The clinically relevant pleural effusion & pleuritic chest pain.

The Vestibular system & Balance

Thu, 10 Nov 2022 17:16:55 +0100

This episode tackles the beautifully complex area of the inner ear whose function it is to detect motion and facilitate, in part, balance.

Terms covered this week; The bony & membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The fluids perilymph & endolymph that flood these cavities. The stereocilia, macula, crista, cupula and otoconia that comprise the delicate inner organs of balance. Finally the clinical relevance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), the symptom of vertigo, the sign nystagmus and the condition (BPPV) Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

The Pleura

Wed, 26 Oct 2022 13:24:00 +0200

In this episode, we discuss the very thin serous membrane that surrounds the lung and thorax which is absolutely crucial for life.

The terms covered in this episode are visceral and parietal pleura. Pleural space, pneumothorax and haemothorax.

The Major Nerves of the Upper Limb

Fri, 07 Oct 2022 17:37:57 +0200

Today's episode is a follow on from last week in which we explore the compartments and 5 major nerves of the upper limb

Terms covered in this episode; Axillary nerve, Radial nerve, Median nerve, Ulnar nerve & Musculocutaneous nerve.

The Brachial Plexus

Fri, 30 Sep 2022 12:00:00 +0200

This week Sam fancied a challenge…The question is, do you? In this episode, we untangle the plexus of nerves that innervate the upper limb. Roots, trunks, divisions, cords & then branches, leaving us with the big 5 nerves that are a must-know.

Nerves covered this week; The Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Radial & Ulnar nerves of the upper limb.

The Carotid Sheath

Fri, 23 Sep 2022 14:20:10 +0200

Deep within the neck, we find biology’s version of a cable tidy that houses and protects the great vessels of the neck in addition to one of the most critical nerves in the human body. This week let us dissect out some details on this tube-like structure. What exactly is it, where is it and what does it contain?

Terms covered this week; Deep neck fascia, the platysma & sternocleidomastoid muscles. The internal jugular vein. The common, external & internal carotid arteries. Carotid blowout syndrome.

The Elbow joint

Fri, 16 Sep 2022 09:10:11 +0200

Roll up your sleeves for this one as we explore the peculiar little joint at the elbow. Or rather the 3 joints that live there.

New terms covered this week; Ulnar, radius & humerus. Pronation, supination, olecranon, trochlear, head of the radius & capitulum. Humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint & the proximal radioulnar joint.

Terms that we absolutely didn't squeeze in the end are; medial and lateral collateral ligaments. Annular ligament and the quadrate ligament.

The Primary & Secondary muscles of Respiration

Fri, 09 Sep 2022 14:56:59 +0200

In this episode, we explore the muscles responsible for ventilation or breathing. Those primarily responsible for expanding the thorax and indirectly the lungs and those that can be recruited when forcefully trying to do so. What are they, where are they and how do they work?

Terms covered in this episode; Respiration, ventilation, primary and secondary muscles of respiration. The diaphragm, intercostal muscles and Boyle's law.

The Olfactory nerve & the special sense of smell (& flavour)

Tue, 16 Aug 2022 10:25:12 +0200

Once termed the forgotten sense, olfaction or the sense of smell has seen a rise in interest in recent years due to the COVID 19 pandemic and the subsequent increase in hyposmia that the virus has left behind. In today’s episode, we explore the anatomy of the special sense of smell by looking at some of the detail of cranial nerve 1, the olfactory nerve. What is? Where is it? And what happens when it breaks?

Terms covered this week; Olfaction, olfactory epithelium, olfactory sensory neurones, & olfactory filaments. The bony anatomy of the ethmoid bone & cribriform plate. Finally the clinical terms of hyposmia, anosmia & cacosmia.

The Knee

Fri, 05 Aug 2022 14:00:00 +0200

Today we discuss the anatomy of the knee, the largest joint in the human body. Let’s explore movements, function, bones involved, main ligaments and the menisci. We will also cover one of Sam’s favourite topics, articular cartilage.

Terms covered this week; The femur, tibia, fibular and patella bones. Synovial joints, fluid and capsule. The articular and hyaline cartilage and bursae. Cruciate ligaments (anterior & posterior), & collateral ligaments of the knee (medial and lateral). Condyles vs epicondyles, tibial plateau and menisci.

The Tonsils

Tue, 02 Aug 2022 12:34:40 +0200

This week let’s take a gander at the anatomy of the tonsils, specifically those almond-shaped clumps of lymphoid tissue that act as immune cell cark parks for the upper aerodigestive tract.

Terms covered this week; Palatine, nasopharyngeal & lingual tonsils. Adenoids, Waldeyer’s ring, Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) & Peyer’s patches. Also covered are Tonsillitis & Tonsillectomy. Two words that have more letter Ls than seems necessary!

The Anatomy of Taste

Wed, 20 Jul 2022 13:19:42 +0200

This week, let’s explore the anatomy of taste and the cranial nerves that facilitate this sensation at different parts of the tongue. We compare the special sensation of taste to general sensation and highlight where and how it differs.

Terms covered this week are; taste buds, lingual papillae, chorda tympani, lingual nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve and the trigeminal nerve.

The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 19:18:14 +0200

With jokes, puns and anatomical controversy, the spinal accessory nerve is more than just a shoulder shrug.

Terms covered this week; spinal accessory nerve, foramen magnum, jugular foramen, sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles.

The Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) & The Muscles of the Tongue

Tue, 05 Jul 2022 11:22:54 +0200

This week let’s look at the muscles of the tongue and the nerve that is responsible for providing motor innervation to (almost) all these muscles. We will explore types of muscle, functions, and the classic exam question of 'what happens when the hypoglossal nerve is damaged'.

Terms explored this week; Intrinsic (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) and extrinsic (palatoglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus) muscles of the tongue. The hypoglossal nerve & hypoglossal canal.

The Trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Thu, 30 Jun 2022 16:46:36 +0200

In this episode we explore the 5th cranial nerve, CNV aka The Trigeminal nerve, discussing the function and route of its three major branches. We will also discover what happens when we damage one of these branches, and SPOILERS it has nothing to do with facial palsy or facial weakness.

Terms explored this episode; Trigeminal nerve, Ophthalmic branch V1, Maxillary branch V2, Mandibular branch V3. Superior orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum, Foramen Ovale and finally Trigeminal neuralgia.

A Vertebra

Tue, 21 Jun 2022 11:41:00 +0200

This week let’s talk about a vertebra (singular) and explore its named parts. We will also compare how and why these vertebrae (pleural) differ throughout the spinal column.

Terms covered this week; vertebral body, spinous & transverse processes, spinal canal, laminae, intervertebral foramen and articular facets.

The Cranial Nerves

Thu, 16 Jun 2022 00:21:00 +0200

WARNING! The following programme contains anatomy that some students may find daunting. CRANIAL NERVES! Love them or hate them these twelve paired nerves are crucially important, and, in this podcast, we will cover some of their very basics to get you started. What are they, where are they and very briefly what do they do?

The Soft Palate

Tue, 07 Jun 2022 16:57:29 +0200

"Say ahh"…. probably a sentence a clinician has said to you at some point in your life. But did you stop to consider what they are doing and what is the underlying anatomy? Today we explore the soft palate, its 5 muscles and associated nerves.

The Intraocular muscles

Mon, 23 May 2022 12:47:23 +0200

This episode explores the muscles inside the eye. Their names, location, function, and autonomic control.

Terms covered this week; The pupil, iris, lens, ciliary muscles, sphincter pupilliae, dilator pupilliae, myosis, mydriasis, the light reflex & Horner syndrome.

The Lacrimal glands & Nasolacrimal apparatus

Fri, 13 May 2022 17:51:02 +0200

Ever wondered why we shed salty water from our eyes in times of extreme emotion? Ever considered what exactly are tears, why do we have them, where do they come from and what controls their release? All these questions will be explored in this 5-minute podcast exploring some detail of the orbit. We will specifically focus on the anatomy of the lacrimal glands, their innervation, the drainage system of the eye, and some clinical relevance squeezed in at the end.

Terms explored this week; lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal glands, lacrimal lake, nasal canaliculi, nasolacrimal apparatus, greater petrosal nerve, epiphora & dacryocystitis.

The Extraocular muscles

Sun, 08 May 2022 16:20:28 +0200

Gazing at the words before you, your eyes track left to right utilising muscles attached to the eye's outer surface to do so. These ‘extraocular’ muscles are the focus of today's podcast. Let’s discuss the names and locations of these seven muscles, whilst also outlining their primary functions and the nerves that innervate these actions.

The Breast

Tue, 03 May 2022 13:09:12 +0200

This week we discuss the anatomy of one of the features that define us humans as mammals, that is the mammary glands or breast tissue. In this episode, we review breast anatomy and the normal physiological changes that occur during the life cycle. Whilst also outlining changes to the breast that warrant greater cause for concern. We focus on the vascular supply and perhaps more importantly the lymphatics of the breast aiming to provide a basic introduction to breast anatomy.

Terms covered in this podcast; Lobules, Lactiferous ducts, Suspensory ligaments of Cooper, Tubercles of Montgomery, Plexus of Sappey, Lateral thoracic artery (aka external mammary artery), and Internal thoracic (aka internal mammary artery).

The Achilles Tendon

Sat, 23 Apr 2022 17:00:41 +0200

Today we discuss a tendon named after the Ancient Greek Demigod Achilles which is a good name for the strongest tendon in the human body! Legend has it Achilles was dipped in the River Styx by his mother Thetis who secured him by his heal to do so. This action made Achilles invulnerable to damage everywhere that touched the sacred waters. Fast forward to the Trojan war and an arrow shot to the unsanctified ‘Achilles heel’ ultimately resulted in his demise and has forever become synonymous with a weak spot or vulnerability. Let’s explore the anatomy of said tendon, its function, and some clinical bits and bobs to close out this 5-minute soundbite.

The Bones of the Foot

Tue, 12 Apr 2022 11:03:23 +0200

This week let’s discuss a ‘talus old as time’, by discussing the osteology of the foot. The human foot is an evolutionary and biomechanical marvel, and, in this episode, we will explore the basics of the bones and joints that make up its structure. Let's explore the subdivisions that make up the hind, mid, and forefoot and add in a couple of classic clinically relevant aspects of this anatomy.

A commonly used mnemonic to remember the small tarsal bones is Tiger Cubs Need M I L C.

The Ankle joint

Tue, 05 Apr 2022 13:49:01 +0200

This episode spotlights the anatomy of the ankle joint. The bones that make up the ankle, the joint itself, and the ligaments.

Terms discussed; medial & lateral malleoli, the talocrural joint (and alternatives), dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, and the deltoid & anterior talofibular ligaments (ATFL).

The anatomy of a facial palsy (differentiating UMN vs LMN lesions)

Fri, 01 Apr 2022 15:18:49 +0200

This week let's tackle an area of anatomy that many learn ready for an exam, only to discover that this knowledge has gone again mere days to weeks later. The infamous but wonderful anatomy underpinning facial palsies and specifically how to differentiate upper vs lower motor neurone lesions.

In this podcast, we will discuss key anatomical principles underpinning types of motor neurones and give a nod to the corticobulbar tract. We will discuss how bicortical representation of the temporal branch of CNVII has no doubt saved countless lives. And finally, why weakness in the forehead and the inability to raise one’s eyebrows is somewhat reassuring in a facial nerve palsy. If this is an area of anatomy you struggle with or you simply want to hear more about it, then join us in this episode of dissectible me!

The Bladder and its innervation

Tue, 22 Mar 2022 11:00:00 +0100

To micturate or not to micturate that is the question? This week let's talk about bladder function and focus on what nerves facilitate this function. Stretch receptors, the detrusor muscle, internal vs external urethral sphincters, parasympathetic vs sympathetic bladder control, and the named nerves that control all of this.

The Facial nerve (CNVII)

Thu, 17 Mar 2022 14:50:34 +0100

This week we explore the anatomy of cranial nerve VII, the Facial nerve. Let's travel along its tortuous route, and discover its many branches linking each to their varied functions. Along our journey, we will explore vestigial ear wigglers, a small muscle that probably dampens down and protects against LOUD NOISES, and finish by exploring the signs and symptoms experienced by someone during a facial nerve palsy.

The Rotator cuff muscles

Sat, 05 Mar 2022 12:36:10 +0100

Some musculoskeletal anatomy this week, specifically the infamous rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. Their location, function, and some clinical relevance such as rotator cuff tears and impingement.

The Scalp

Fri, 25 Feb 2022 15:25:02 +0100

This week let’s delve into the anatomy of the scalp. 5 layers of connective tissue that sit atop the cranial vault to provide numerous functions not limited to allowing a fancy hairdo. In this episode, we will explore the structure of these layers, the neurovascular supply and also discuss emissary veins. Examining this anatomy will allow us to explain why scalp lacerations can cause significant haemorrhage, and also understand why infections in the danger layer of the scalp can be life-threatening!

The Anal Canal

Sat, 19 Feb 2022 19:41:43 +0100

At the very end of the gastrointestinal tract is a length of bowel that is arguably the most important part of the whole tract. This terminal segment creates a solid, liquid, and event air-tight barrier, which provides control over bowel contents until it is socially acceptable to release them. But how? In this podcast, Sam discusses the anatomy of the four mechanisms of feacal continence. Specific areas covered include the internal vs external anal sphincters, the pelvic floor muscles, and the vascular anal cushions. Also discussed are nerve supply and aetiology of faecal incontinence.

The Gallbladder & Biliary tree

Mon, 14 Feb 2022 18:11:32 +0100

Today we will tell you a story about a little green coloured fluid called bile that aids digestion and is made in a megafactory called the liver. One day it decides to escape the confines of the liver through a system of tunnels or drainage tubes. Along its treacherous journey bile is made to seek refuge in a safe house called the gallbladder. Only when its friend 'Cholecystokinin' gives it the “all clear” does it continue its liberation where along the way it joins forces with a fellow escapee 'exocrine juices' from a nearby prison called the pancreas. They unite! Together they form a crime-fighting super team, as they enter the rolling tundra of the duodenum, digesting and breaking down fats, proteins, or anything else that gets in their way!!……… Sorry I was chatting about some of my favourite films the other day and my mind wandered back to them when writing this synopsis……..today we are talking about the gallbladder, bile, and the biliary tree. We will cover the anatomy that underpins the clinical conditions of jaundice, cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis, and gallstone pancreatitis.

The Large Intestine

Mon, 07 Feb 2022 15:50:27 +0100

This week we tackle the large intestine…..figuratively speaking! Its location, parts, functions, and something that is particularly important in this area of anatomy, the blood supply.

The Spinal Cord

Fri, 28 Jan 2022 18:05:10 +0100

In this episode, we explore a subpart of the central nervous system by dissecting the basic anatomy of the spinal cord. We will delve into its location, length, diameter, and internal organisation of grey vs white matter. We outline terms such as spinal nerve, the conus medullaris, and scrutinize how this latter structure differs from the cauda equina. All this anatomy lays the foundation for discussing a lumbar puncture but also looking at spinal cord injuries and how spinal levels and nerve root values can be used to pinpoint the location of spinal lesions.

The Ileum

Wed, 19 Jan 2022 12:10:44 +0100

This week Sam completes his recent journey through the small bowel by discussing the anatomy of the ileum. Location, function, blood supply, innervation, lymphatics, and how this part of the bowel differs from other sections of the small intestine.

The Nasal cavity

Fri, 14 Jan 2022 16:23:44 +0100

After spending his last few episodes rummaging around in the anatomy of the skull, in this episode, Chris explores the anatomy and function of the nasal cavity.

Should we give preference to nasal breathing? What exactly are the functions of the nose and why do we have air-filled spaces in our skull termed the paranasal sinuses? Join us as we explore these answers and more in another 5-minute podcast on Dissectible Me!

Want to know more about Ear, Nose and Throat anatomy or pathology? Visit enteducationswansea.org, a free educational resource aimed at an Undergraduate level but available for anyone who is interested.

The Jejunum

Tue, 11 Jan 2022 16:46:36 +0100

Continuing our journey through the GI tract today we discuss the Jejunum. Hard to say even harder to spell. Let’s talk about where it begins and ends and how it differs from the rest of the GI tract. What is its function, blood supply, venous drainage, lymphatics, nerve supply, and its microanatomy aka histology?

The Duodenum

Thu, 30 Dec 2021 15:31:26 +0100

In this episode, Sam explores the first part of the small intestine, the Duodenum. This soundbite builds a picture of the gross anatomy and explains how the arrangement of cells in the duodenum, facilitates its function as a subpart of the gastrointestinal tract. Do you know your Brunner's glands from your crypts of Lieberkuhn? Your Villi from your Microvilli? If not join us as we dissect this knowledge together.

The Mandible

Thu, 23 Dec 2021 20:14:40 +0100

How many mandibular or lower teeth should a child have? How many adult teeth should grace your own lower jaw? What are the named parts of the mandible and why is the jaw joint so special? If the answer to these questions is not immediately obvious or is of interest to you, then listen in to this episode as we explore an introduction to the anatomy of the human mandible.

The Ductus Deferens

Tue, 14 Dec 2021 20:20:24 +0100

This week we return to the male reproductive system to focus in on the anatomy of the tube known by two names; the ductus deferens aka the vas deferens. We will explore its function, anatomical composition, and the route it takes from the testis to the ejaculatory duct. Finishing on a clinical note, we will outline the underpinning anatomy of a Vasectomy.

The Bones of the Orbit

Fri, 10 Dec 2021 15:08:35 +0100

This week let's continue our exploration of the skull, focusing on the bones that make up the orbit. In this soundbite, we will discuss the orbit's protective function and outline some important clinical relevance such as the spread of infection and trauma.

The bones we introduce this week are the paired palatine and nasolacrimal bones. The ethmoid, and last but not least the wasp-shaped sphenoid bone.

The Prostate gland

Sun, 28 Nov 2021 17:48:42 +0100

This week we return to the male reproductive system to review the anatomy of the prostate gland. Size, shape, location, the anatomy of the gland linking this to its functions, and much more.

An Introduction to the human skull

Mon, 22 Nov 2021 14:35:59 +0100

In this episode, we will be talking about arguably the most iconic and easily recognisable area of all human anatomy, the skull. Join us in this initial exploratory foray, where we will introduce the basics of the skull. Let’s uncover what is meant by the terms neurocranium, viscerocranium, and calvarium. What exactly is a soft spot or fontanelle and how does this differ from a suture? What are the main sutures and how do they relate to the condition craniosynostosis? All will be revealed in this 5-minute episode of dissectible me.

The Pituitary gland

Sun, 14 Nov 2021 21:50:58 +0100

This week we talk about 'the master gland'. Getting all Lord of the Rings on you, it’s a gland that rules them all! Or at least one that controls lots of the other endocrine glands in the body.

This podcast covers the many functions of the gland and some of the hormones it produces. We will explore the anatomy and location of the gland, and outline the anatomical reasoning for some of the visual symptoms we see in pituitary tumours.

Anatomy of the Ear (The basics)

Wed, 10 Nov 2021 23:06:59 +0100

This week's podcast covers the very foundations of otology and the anatomy of the ear. What is meant by the terms outer, middle, and inner ear, and what is the bespoke function that each provides? At the end of the soundbite, we explore the clinical relevance of otitis and how ear infections affect the outlined subsections of this magnificent organ.

SPOILER ALERT This one is longer than 5 minutes, but still remains the record shortest amount of time Chris has ever spoken about ear anatomy.

The Thyroid gland

Sun, 31 Oct 2021 16:56:11 +0100

Today let’s talk about the gland that regulates the body's metabolic rate.....your thyroid gland! Join us in a 5-minute podcast as we discuss the gland’s cellular structure, its location, neurovascular supply, and lymphatic drainage with a sprinkling of embryology for good measure.

The Dural Venous Sinuses

Tue, 26 Oct 2021 11:16:15 +0200

This one is tough to cover in 5 minutes only, but its understanding is key for some very contemporary clinical medicine.

Today we tackle the venous drainage of the brain by introducing the dural venous sinuses. In this episode we will discuss the structure of a dural venous sinus, outlining the major named sinuses we find within the cranial cavity. We also highlight some very important structures that traverse them and finish by discussing the life-threatening clinical condition of a Dural or Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST).

The Thymus

Sat, 16 Oct 2021 11:05:03 +0200

This week's episode explores an organ that until the 1960s was thought to be vestigial. A primary lymphoid organ that is vitally important in the development and maturation of your immune system as a child. However, as an adult, it undergoes involution and appears as nothing more than some fatty tissue. An organ that is sometimes called a gland, that is not a gland but looks like a gland.....enter the Thymus.

We will explore the location of the thymus, its anatomic features, its functions, and in doing so uncover the origins of immunity and our lymphocytes (T cells & B cells).

The Salivary glands

Tue, 12 Oct 2021 14:56:49 +0200

Do you know your Stensen's from your Wharton’s duct? Can you find these ducts on yourself or someone else? And do you want a cheat way of remembering which facial gland is innervated by which nerve? If the answer is yes to any of these questions then listen to our latest podcast on the 'Salivary glands.'

In this podcast, we discuss the function of saliva, the location, and therefore the etymology of each of the Salivary glands. We locate their ducts and finish off by discussing the clinical terms sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, and my favourite the sialagogue!

The Spleen

Fri, 01 Oct 2021 16:18:58 +0200

Today's episode focuses on the spleen.

Location, functions, anatomical features along with some peculiarities and a sprinkling of clinical relevance.

The Brain (The basics of the obvious lumpy bits)

Mon, 27 Sep 2021 00:43:52 +0200

This week let us follow in the footsteps of our neuroscientist predecessors, reviewing their discoveries that linked the physical anatomy of the brain to corresponding basic functions. Discoveries that were largely steeped in the concept of reverse engineering, linking brain damage to functional loss. What are the main subcomponents of the brain and basically speaking what do they do?

In today's episode, we will discuss the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum, and for each, we outline an overview of their very basic function. We review grey vs white matter, the cerebral cortex, and the major lobes of the brain mapping location and function as we go. Many more podcasts on this topic to come.

The Liver

Sat, 18 Sep 2021 14:46:50 +0200

Pub quiz time. Which organ is the second largest in the body with about 400 functions? Need another clue...? It is an abdominal organ that Chris refers to as the axolotl of the abdomen due to its regenerative abilities? Alternatively, you could just read the title.

Today we talk about the anatomy of the Liver. An introduction to its functions (briefly), position, lobes, blood supply, and innervation.

The Larynx

Fri, 10 Sep 2021 10:07:14 +0200

This week let's introduce another organ, the Larynx.

What actually is the larynx? Let's explore the basics of its cartilages, muscles, membranes and neurovascular supply, discussing its functions along the way. We also introduce the terms phonation, dysphonia, and articulation.

A future podcast will take a much deeper dive into the structure but for now, enjoy the simplicity of this truly wonderful melodic organ. You have to love the puns in anatomy.

The Stomach

Sun, 05 Sep 2021 16:03:11 +0200

Today we will take you through an introduction to the anatomy of the stomach. The acid and enzyme-laden muscular carrier bag inside your abdomen, that stores, churns up, and starts the digestion of food. We explore its location, function, blood supply, and innervation with some clinical relevance mixed in.

The External carotid artery & Extradural haematoma

Sat, 28 Aug 2021 11:07:26 +0200

This week let's explore the branchy sibling of the internal carotid artery or offspring of the common carotid...the EXTernal carotid artery. Whilst exploring its branches we should also discuss how an extradural haematoma links to this area of anatomy.

So write down the following mnemonic sentence and listen in;

"Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students".

Arteries at joints and collateral circulation

Wed, 18 Aug 2021 14:51:02 +0200

You have probably heard of a tourniquet but do you know the names of the arteries they are compressing in limb trauma?

Today Sam explores the arterial supply to the limbs and the important concept of collateral blood supply found at joints.

The Circle of Willis

Sat, 14 Aug 2021 17:38:59 +0200

Continuing with arterial circulation let's explore the cerebral arterial circle or circulus arteriosus, more commonly known as the Circle of Willis. Simply put the blood supply to the brain.

Today we discuss the arteries that make up the infamous circle. The internal carotid, anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries or the ACA, MCA, and PCA. We also give a nod to the brain's vertebrobasilar system and the cerebellar arteries (AICA & PICA) Finally, we explore the concept of our cerebral anastomotic circulation that safeguards us from ischemia.

Have a go at listening to the podcast whilst looking at a labelled image of the Circle of Willis.

Major arteries

Fri, 06 Aug 2021 18:47:48 +0200

Listening to this episode will not be in vain, because we are going to discuss your arteries......😐

Today we talk about the major arteries that course around the human body. Identifying where one artery begins and the other ends. We also explore some of their major branches, aiming to provide a solid introduction to your arterial system and in doing so revising blood supply.

The Cardiac conduction system

Sat, 31 Jul 2021 10:44:07 +0200

This week is "electric"! Would your heart really continue beating if it were suddenly torn from your body? What is a cardiac arrhythmia? And why on earth are there so many abbreviations used in cardiology? With the exception of the last one, the answers can be found this week as we explore the conduction system of the heart.

Terms we discuss are; The Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibres. Now you see why we abbreviate..... catchy!

Anatomy of the Heart

Sat, 24 Jul 2021 10:58:22 +0200

This week we will get to the very heart of human anatomy.....literally we are talking about the heart.

We will discuss the basics of the organ, its chambers, the coronary vessels, and again link structure to function.

Our Top 5+ Favourite Anatomical terms

Wed, 14 Jul 2021 17:40:04 +0200

In today's episode, we circumnavigate the Islets of Langerhans to the Foramen of Magendie. We encounter the gluttonous inducing Ghrelin and search for the cryptic splenunculus. No, this is not a fantasy novel. We are instead talking about the wonderful world of anatomical terminology. So fasten your gubernacula and let's discuss our favourite anatomical terms.

The Anatomical position

Sat, 10 Jul 2021 14:35:54 +0200

Join us this week where we travel back in time to our anatomical predecessors and review their justification for the creation of the universal 'anatomical position'. We will also discuss the simple anatomical descriptors that are the very foundation for anatomical study.

What is the anatomical position.......? Think Da Vinci's Vitruvian man with less enthusiasm and 4 fewer limbs.

The Female Reproductive system

Wed, 30 Jun 2021 18:51:31 +0200

This week we introduce the female reproductive system.

In this podcast, we discuss its functions and the anatomy of the external vs internal genitalia.

The Male Reproductive system

Fri, 25 Jun 2021 14:20:20 +0200

In today's episode, we tackle the 'male' reproductive system. The penultimate episode from our series introducing human anatomy systems.

Terms covered in this podcast include; The testes vs testis. Sertoli, Leydig and spermatagonia cells. The rete testis, epididymis and the ductus or vas deferens. Seminal vesicles, prostate, and finally the erectile tissues of the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum.

The immune system

Wed, 16 Jun 2021 12:36:43 +0200

A perfect follow-on from the lymphatic system, today we introduce the immune system and the anatomy thereof...

Can you point to the organs of your immune system? If not, listen in.

The lymphatic system

Fri, 11 Jun 2021 17:18:03 +0200

This week we tackle the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic vessels, lymph, chyle, and lymph nodes. We will also introduce the adjunct lymphoid tissues & organs.

Much more on these in the future episodes.

The Musculoskeletal system

Fri, 04 Jun 2021 17:40:32 +0200

An introduction to the musculoskeletal system.

What are your bones & muscles all about and what are their functions?

Spoiler alert: it's not all about locomotion and support!

The Endocrine system

Sat, 29 May 2021 09:16:44 +0200

A brief whistle-stop tour of your endocrine system.

The glands, hormones, and what is a feedback loop or the hypothalamic-pituitary axis all about.

Future episodes will dedicate 5 minutes to each of these wonderful glands adding detail and clarity.

The nervous system

Fri, 21 May 2021 19:40:14 +0200

Okay, grab yourself a coffee and prepare for what is our toughest challenge yet....an introduction to the nervous system in 5 minutes.

We will cover its basic anatomy. The central vs the peripheral nervous system. The somatic vs the visceral system, and the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic systems. 86 BILLION NEURONS!

The Integumentary system

Fri, 14 May 2021 21:29:13 +0200

This week we will talk about the largest organ of the body.....The integumentary system, aka your skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Despite feeling like it has more layers than an onion or ogre for that matter, the skin can be broadly divided into 2 layers, the epidermis, and dermis. Here we discuss a basic introduction to these layers with more detailed dedicated podcasts to come for each.

The Renal system

Fri, 07 May 2021 17:33:28 +0200

This week we talk about the body's 'portable salty sea system' that you carry around in your abdomen, also known as the urinary tract or renal system.

An introduction to the anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra.

The Gastrointestinal tract

Thu, 29 Apr 2021 15:22:21 +0200

In today's episode, we travel through the human gastrointestinal tract at 0.2mph, aka the speed of a giant tortoise.

On our journey, we circumnavigate the folds of the plicae circulares and wave adieu to the vermiform appendix, as we cover a basic introduction of the GI tract in 5 minutes.

The Respiratory system

Thu, 22 Apr 2021 11:12:20 +0200

In this episode, we blaze through an introduction to the basics of the respiratory system.

We cover; the lungs, respiratory tree, and the underlying anatomy of common pathology.

We will revisit many of these areas again in more detail in the future to add layers of knowledge and explanation.

The Cardiovascular system

Wed, 14 Apr 2021 16:16:36 +0200

In this episode, we will cover an introduction to the cardiovascular system.

The heart, blood vessels, and blood. Including the principles of what happens when it all goes wrong.

An introduction to Dissectible Me Anatomy podcast

Wed, 14 Apr 2021 16:14:35 +0200

A very brief introduction to Dissectible Me, our 5-minute podcast series on Human anatomy.

This episode is perhaps the only one we will ever publish where we are way under our 5-minute target.