The History of Cyprus Podcast

BONUS! Building and Living an Archaeological Fieldwork Project with Luca Bombardieri

Sun, 05 Jul 2026 04:45:00 -0400

Luca Bombardieri, Associate Professor in Aegean and Cypriot Archaeology at the University of Siena in Italy and the scientific director at the Erimi Archaeological Project in Cyprus, explores what it really means to direct an archaeological excavation. He highlights his unique philosophy of living on-site at Erimi and walks listeners through the complex, behind-the-scenes work that goes far beyond digging -- surveying, soil sampling, conservation, documentation, and required coordination with institutions like the Cyprus Museum. He also tackles major challenges such as looting, the race to secure discoveries before the season ends, and growing development pressures that threaten even protected sites.

NEW EPISODE! 52. When Kinship Failed: Cyprus & The Black Death with Tassos Papacostas

Thu, 02 Jul 2026 07:37:00 -0400

"Out of necessary cruelty, fathers abandoned their sons, and sons fled from their fathers, as the evident danger overcame all the rules of kinship, love, and nature."
- Francesco Loredano AKA Henry Giblet on the Plague in Cyprus, 1660.

Historian Tassos Papacostas joins The History of Cyprus Podcast to unravel the devastating impact of the Black Death on the island of Cyprus. While many are familiar with the broader European toll of Yersinia pestis, Papacostas helps us trace the origins, symptoms, and staggering mortality rate of the plague — and brings the conversation home to the Eastern Mediterranean.

We delve into the earliest known records of the plague’s arrival on Cypriot shores in 1348, including the vivid testimony of Giovanni Francesco Loredano and references in chronicles by Leontios Makhairas, Florio Bustron, and others. How did the plague spread? What parts of the island suffered most, and who were the victims? Papacostas guides us through the archival and textual evidence, including funeral slabs, tax records, and population data, while also addressing monastic donations that reveal the deep scars left by the pandemic. We explore one particularly fascinating manuscript, Parisinus Graecus, a Cypriot copy of the Synaxarion of Constantinople filled with marginal notes recording deaths and donations -- a testament to fear, faith, and survival.

NEW! Primary Source LII: Loredano & The Black Death

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 01:30:00 -0400

The Black Death swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions and leaving entire regions devastated. No corner of the continent was spared, and Cyprus too fell victim to the deadly pandemic. Giovanni Francesco Loredano, writing under the pseudonym Henrico Giblet, claimed that the plague struck Cyprus in early 1348, spreading from Famagusta and lasting a full year. He described widespread devastation, the king’s withdrawal to the “Castello Dio d’Amore,” (Saint Hilarion) and the ennobling of foreigners to replace lost nobility. Next month, I welcome back Dr. Tassos Papacostas (King's College London) to discuss the Black Death and Cyprus!

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51. Out of the Frying Pan and into the Fire: Cyprus Between Athens & Persia with Christian Körner

Tue, 02 Jun 2026 02:46:00 -0400

After the failed revolt against Persian rule, Cyprus experienced a brief and uneasy calm. But that peace quickly unraveled, as the island was drawn into the heart of the renewed conflict between Athens and Persia, becoming a key battleground in a decades-long imperial struggle. In this episode, we explore the turbulent and often overlooked 5th century BCE in Cypriot history -- the period between the failed Cyprus Revolt and the rise of Evagoras I. Dr. Christian Körner joins the History of Cyprus Podcast once more to help us navigate a challenging historical landscape, where much of what we know comes from fragmentary, Athenian-biased sources like Diodorus and Thucydides. As the Greco-Persian Wars intensify, Cyprus is repeatedly drawn into the conflict. We trace four major Athenian-led campaigns culminating in the death of General Kimon. Were the Athenians seen as liberators or invaders? And is the idea of “freedom” for Greek cities in Cyprus truly about independence -- or merely the exchange of one overlord for another?

Primary Source LI: An Excerpt from Diodorus Siculus

Fri, 15 May 2026 05:28:28 -0400

Diodorus Siculus was a 1st-century BCE Greek historian from Agyrium in Sicily who wrote during the late Roman Republic. His most famous work, the Bibliotheca historica ("Historical Library"), is a massive universal history in 40 books that aimed to chronicle the world’s history from mythological times to his own era. In this excerpt, we hear of Cimon, a well-known Athenian general from the 5th century BCE, who helped expand Athens’ power in the eastern Mediterranean. His connection to Cyprus comes from his final campaign in 450 BCE, when he led an expedition to free the island from Persian control. He died during the siege of Citium (now Larnaca), but his forces later won a naval battle near Salamis, Cyprus, before returning home. In my next episode, I welcome back Dr. Christian Korner Dr. Christian Körner to discuss Cyprus in the 5th century!

50. Kypriōn Politeia: The Political Structures and Administrative Frameworks in Iron Age Cyprus with Beatrice Pestarino

Sat, 02 May 2026 00:40:02 -0400

The city-kingdoms of Iron Age Cyprus have always been something of a mystery -- in fact "city-kingdom" itself is a bit of a misnomer to begin with. In this episode, I’m joined by Dr. Beatrice Pestarino, expert in ancient political systems and author of Kypriōn Politeia: The Political and Administrative Systems of the Classical Cypriot City-Kingdoms, to explore the unique administrative and ideological frameworks of these polities. We discuss the roots of Cypriot kingship, the roles of officials like the basileus, anax, and damos, and how civic and religious authority were often one and the same. From the Idalion Tablet to the records of Kition, we examine the sophistication of land management, taxation, and bureaucratic roles such as the Rab Soferim (Chief of Scribes) and Rab Sarsourim (Chief of Commercial Agents). Along the way, we challenge colonial interpretations of Cypriot governance and ask what it really meant to be a "king" on the island. This episode offers a compelling look at how Cypriot city-states navigated imperial pressures while maintaining a distinctly local political identity.

Primary Source L: The Idalion Tablet

Wed, 15 Apr 2026 11:10:00 -0400

…and here we are...the 50th Primary Source! Thank you so much for your continued support; it truly means a lot!
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The Idalion Tablet's significance cannot be understated (not to be confused with the Idalion Bilingual). Dated to the 5th-century BCE, it offers rare insight into the island’s political, social, and linguistic history. Written in the Cypriot syllabary and the Arcadocypriot dialect of Greek, the bronze tablet records a public contract made during a siege, in which the king of Idalion and the city’s governing body (the dāmos) reward a family of physicians with land for providing free medical care to wounded citizens. This inscription stands out as one of the earliest known examples of state-sponsored healthcare and reveals a system of governance where power was shared between monarchy and civic institutions -- and not as an absolute monarchy as was once often suggested. It also underscores the administrative sophistication of Cypriot city-kingdoms and contributes significantly to our understanding of the Cypriot syllabary and the evolution of Greek dialects on the island. The Idalion Tablet thus serves as a key piece of evidence for reconstructing the civic and political life of Classical Cyprus. It is also the perfect Primary Source for next month's interview with Dr. Beatrice Pestarino as we discuss the political and social makeup of the Κυπρίων Πολιτεία (i.e., the Government of the Cypriots!)

49. Saints, Synods, and Struggles: The Rise of Christian Cyprus with Young Kim

Thu, 02 Apr 2026 00:54:14 -0400

In this episode, I welcome Dr. Young Kim, Associate Professor at the University of Illinois Chicago, to discuss the role of Cyprus in Late Antiquity. Although often seen as politically unimportant under Roman rule, Cyprus played a key part in trade, religion, and cultural life. We explore how the island became deeply involved in early Christianity--appearing in the New Testament, participating in the first ecumenical councils like Nicaea, and eventually gaining autocephalic (independent) status for its Church. We also look at how saints’ lives, or hagiographies, offer insight into everyday life, travel, and religious change during this time. Special attention is given to St. Epiphanius--his fight against heresies and his dramatic clash with St. John Chrysostom!

BONUS! Fragrant & Flavourful: On the Flaouna/Pilavuna & Identity with Anna Charalambidou

Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:37:31 -0400

In this bonus episode, I sit down with Dr. Anna Charalambidou from University College London to explore flaounes (φλαούνες/pilavunalar), the iconic Cypriot pastry. Using an ethnomethodological approach, Dr. Charalambidou examines how flaounes reflect and shape Cypriot identity across both Greek and Turkish communities on the island. We discuss their origins, regional variations, and the rich tradition of flaouna-making, uncovering how this beloved pastry connects generations and communities.

Primary Source XLIX: An Excerpt from St. Epiphanius' Panarion

Sun, 15 Mar 2026 07:28:19 -0400

St. Epiphanius ranks among the most important and well-known saints of Cyprus. Ordained as Bishop of Constantia (Salamis) in the 4th century, he was a steadfast defender of (o)rthodox Christian practice and belief. In fact "Epiphanius was respected not only for his piety and rectitude but for his learning. Churches far from Cyprus consulted him on doctrinal issues."

In this dramatization, we hear an excerpt from The Panarion -- a theological treatise written by St. Epiphanius himself. Also known as the "Medicine Chest," the Panarion addresses 80 heresies, many emerging in the post-Nicene period. The excerpt featured here is from Against the Severians, a sect that vigorously rejected marriage and, at least according to The Panarion, viewed women as creations of Satan. Christians have wrestled with what it means to live in a body. Some saw the body as part of God’s good creation--maybe damaged after the Fall, but still good at its core. Others, though, thought the body just got in the way of drawing close to God. In this passage, he pushes back hard against their ideas.

The Panarion stands out as a key historical source. It gives us a window into the mess of competing beliefs among early Christians, and it even lets us peek at what religion looked like in Late Antique Cyprus. Next month I welcome Dr. Young Kim to discuss the impact Cypriots made in forming early Christian thought and the foundations of Early Christianity in Cyprus!

BONUS! Sun, Sand...and Scandinavians? Vikings in Cyprus

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 05:31:00 -0400

OK so "Vikings in Cyprus" is a bit hyperbolic as the term Viking tends to suggest pre-Christian marauding warriors who pillaged and plundered all over Europe -- which Cyprus didn't experience. But Scandinavians? Most certainly!

Over the past couple of months, I have been scouring the sources for references to Scandinavians and their presence in Cyprus. So far, I have identified four key witnesses to this phenomenon, all from different parts of the Scandinavian world. Chronologically they are:

The Danish cleric Saxo Grammaticus, who first writes of King Erik the Evergood of Denmark's death and burial on Cyprus while travelling to the Holy Land (circa 1103);
The Icelandic abbot Nikulas Bergsson, who records the presence of a contingent of the Varangian Guard* stationed in Paphos;
King Sigurd the Crusader of Norway who stayed on Cyprus for sometime (c. 1107) before visiting Miklagaard ("The Great City," i.e., Constantinople), as recounted by the famous Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson;
and finally St. Birgitta of Sweden, whose foreboding words to the Latin rulers of Cyprus come to us directly from her own testimony (14th century).

Together, their works offer rare but compelling evidence that Cyprus was not merely a distant waypoint, but a meaningful hinge between the West and the East within the wider world of medieval Scandinavian travel, devotion, and crusading activity.

Please enjoy this bonus content of the dramatized excerpts (excerpts from all four have been included here in one extended Primary Source recording). Though I'd love to have a guest on the show to talk about the relationship between Scandinavia and Cyprus, I don't believe this has been explored in academia as I have not found any published paper. But the search continues!

**Famed for their loyalty and ferocity, the Varangian Guard was a contingent of Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Rus mercenaries that served as a personal guard to the Emperor in Constantinople.

48. Ancient Art from Cyprus and the Mediterranean: The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art with Joanna Smith

Mon, 02 Mar 2026 09:47:00 -0500

In this special episode, I’m joined by Dr. Joanna S. Smith, Consulting Curator for the new permanent gallery for the Cypriot Collection at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida. With a career based on decades of fieldwork at sites like Polis Chrysochous, Dr. Smith tells the fascinating story behind The Ringling Museum's ancient art collection. She traces it from the dreams of John Ringling, a circus magnate who became an art patron, to the 19th century explorations of Luigi Palma di Cesnola. The conversation culminates in a look ahead to “Ancient Art from Cyprus and the Mediterranean” The Ringling’s new permanent gallery that opened in January of this year. Dr. Smith offers an inside view of what visitors can expect, the standout Cypriot pieces in the collection, and why this gallery marks a significant moment not only for the museum but for the understanding of Cyprus as a cultural crossroads of the ancient world. Learn more:

https://emuseum.ringling.org/collections/141853/ancient-art-from-cyprus-and-the-mediterranean-gallery-12

SPECIAL! Cypriot Naming Conventions and WWI Enlistment Data with Andrekos Varnava

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 07:00:00 -0500

Ever heard of the names "Finikou" or "Pastirou?" Neither have I! In this bonus clip from episode 31 on "Cyprus in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps with Andrekos Varnava," Andrekos helps me work through the enlistment data from my grandparents' villages. We discuss Cypriot naming conventions and the frustrating dearth of data based on the inconsistent record keeping and the unusual Cypriot names from the period in a lighthearted discussion. Enjoy!

Some of the roll call can be found in Andrekos' book, "Serving the Empire in the Great War."*

**https://www.amazon.ca/Serving-empire-Great-War-imperial/dp/1526103699/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=

47. Signs, Scripts & Silence: Cypro-Minoan with Cassandra Donnelly

Mon, 02 Feb 2026 06:36:06 -0500

Support the Podcast! Nominate The History of Cyprus Podcast for the 2026 CYDIA Award: https://www.cyprusdiasporaforum.com/nominate

Cypro-Minoan is an undeciphered syllabic script in use during the Late Bronze Age, offering a rare glimpse into a local writing tradition at the crossroads of Aegean, Levantine, and Anatolian exchange. In this episode, Cassandra Donnelly breaks down what we do know about Cypro-Minoan—from its discovery and visual features to its possible uses in trade and identity. We explore the difference between script and language, discuss the curious appearance of single-sign texts, and examine how writing may have been taught “on the job” by merchants rather than in scribal schools. Donnelly explains how the writing system’s survival during the broader Bronze Age collapse reveals something unique about Cyprus’ decentralized social structure. We also dig into how early 20th-century archaeological ideologies shaped assumptions about ethnicity and literacy on the island.

Primary Source XLVII: Sir Arthur Evans and the Cypro-Minoan Script

Thu, 15 Jan 2026 08:13:00 -0500

Sir Arthur Evans was a British archaeologist best known for excavating the Minoan palace at Knossos in Crete. He named the Minoan civilization, developed the idea of a pre-Greek Aegean culture, and famously (though controversially) reconstructed parts of the site. But for our purposes, Evans played a key early role in identifying and naming the Cypro-Minoan script. During his study of Aegean scripts, he noticed that some undeciphered inscriptions from Late Bronze Age Cyprus resembled the Linear A script of Minoan Crete and he coined the term Cypro-Minoan to describe these signs, believing they represented a local offshoot of the Minoan writing tradition brought to Cyprus through cultural contact or colonization. Evans recognized its significance and proposed that it was a syllabic script related to earlier Aegean systems. In this excerpt, we hear from his own observations on the enigmatic script -- which leads us to next month's guest, Dr. Cassandra Donnelly as we discuss the enigmatic and undeciphered Cypro-Minoan script!

46. By Sword and By Song: The Byzantine Warrior Hero with Chrysovalantis Kyriacou

Fri, 02 Jan 2026 03:12:00 -0500

In this episode, I'm joined again by Dr. Chrysovalantis Kyriacou where we discuss the ακριτικά τραγούδια i.e., the Acritic Songs! These are heroic ballads from the borderlands that emerged between the 9th and 11th centuries, highlighting semi- mythological figures like the legendary Digenis Akritas. Passed down through performances at festivals and weddings -- often created and performed by or for rural peasants -- these songs provide rare insight into the lives, struggles, and values of marginalized medieval communities. Their transmission reflects both elite and popular storytelling styles, often mixing Homeric, Christian, and local themes. In Cyprus, these songs were adapted into the local dialect. They also included unique Cypriot experiences, like in The Song of Antzoules, which reflects Cypriot responses to events in Anemourion in Anatolia and subsequent Frankish rule. In Cyprus, the legend of Digenis is imprinted on the land itself, from his handprint on the Pentadaktylos to the rocks of Petra tou Romiou, once believed to have been hurled at Saracen ships by Digenis himself!

P.S. In this episode I learn that Vikings (VARANGIANS) may have been stationed in Cyprus!

SPECIAL! Dark Christmas Folklore in "Motherwitch," a Film by Minos Papas

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:23:00 -0500

Merry Christmas! 'Tis the season to light your fireplaces and put out your colanders -- the 12 Days of Christmas are here! And of course you know, that means those pesky Kalikantzari (Christmas goblins) are back again, sowing mischief and cruel tricks. But it's not all bad news. Minos Papas' latest feature film* is making its rounds globally and featuring at the International Film Festival Rotterdam. I had the opportunity to screen the movie a couple weeks ago and chat again with Minos. This film is truly his love letter to Cyprus, its history and its heritage. In this episode, we chat about the performances, the themes and the post-production that went into the film. You'll also get to hear updates on how and when you can see the movie!

*If you missed our first interview with Minos on the folklore and the making of Motherwitch, check out "Fantasy, Folklore & Film: 'Motherwitch' with Minos Papas" (October 2024)

>>> https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2026/films/motherwitch

Primary Source XLVI: The Acritic Songs

Mon, 15 Dec 2025 12:11:00 -0500

The Acritic Songs are a collection of Byzantine folk songs whose origins date back to the 9th-11th centuries. These songs celebrate the exploits of the "Acritae," or the frontiersmen, who patrolled the empire's periphery, protecting it from Saracen (Arab) marauders. Though we don't know the exact contexts in which these songs were performed, we know that they appealed to the bottom rungs of society, the disenfranchised and the down-trodden, as the songs were adopted and adapted all over the Greek speaking world -- including, of course, Cyprus.

These songs were passed down in oral tradition and adapted linguistically in Cyprus in a way that reflected its own social and political realities. The stories themselves generally fell into two categories: those that celebrate royal authority and look towards God or the State as a source of comfort and protection (ca. 9th-12th centuries) and those which celebrate the hero fighting authority and resisting the cosmic order which is dated after the 13th century (see: Charopalema i.e., Digenis' battle with Death).

For this particular song, as interpreted and performed by Michalis Christodoulides Costas Charalambides and Areti Kasapi (and can be purchased here)*, we hear an excerpt from "Ο Κάουρας" (i.e., The Crab). In the song, a giant, monstrous crab chokes the waters of a village/town, terrorizing the community. One of the most notable Acritic heroes, Digenis Akritas, is called upon to defend the people from its terror. The story of the Giant Crab evokes Herculean themes. Those familiar with Greek mythology might identify Digenis's battle with Hercules fighting Karkinos that came to assist the Lernean Hydra. Next month, I welcome back Dr. Chrysovalanti Kyriacou to discuss the Acrites and the Byzantine Warrior Hero!

The Acritic Songs on YouTube

*Στες Άκρες Των Άκρων - Ακριτικά Τραγούδια Της Κύπρου: Μιχάλης Χριστοδουλίδης, Αρετή Κασάπη, Κώστας Χαραλαμπίδης
**Artwork by Dimitris Skourtelis

45. (in)Conspicuous Consumption: The Material Culture of Medieval Cyprus with Maria Parani

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 02:04:00 -0500

Material culture-textiles, ceramics, furniture, even the games people played-offers us a window into the lived experience of a diverse society. From the magnificence of the Lusignan court, with its gold-threaded tapestries and Venetian clocks, to the humble cooking vessels of the lower classes, these artifacts reveal not only economic and social divides but also cultural exchanges that blurred the lines between Greek, Latin, and near east traditions.

Yet, such information is not always easy to find. Few archaeological excavations of the settlements themselves have been conducted on medieval Cyprus, so most of what we know comes from written sources--the accounts of travelers and chroniclers who were dazzled by the nobles’ riches, or the inventories of men like Guy d’Ibelin, a bishop whose household possessions testified both to his monastic vows and to his feudal rank.

What can the material culture of medieval Cyprus tell us about its people, their identities, and their aspirations? How did objects serve as status symbols, as well as tools of everyday survival? What are some of the challenges historians and archaeologists face when reconstructing the material world of the past-especially for those at the lower levels of society?

In this episode, I am joined by Dr. Maria Parani to help us piece together this fascinating mosaic of history.

Primary Source XLV: The Travels of Wilbrand von Oldeburg

Sat, 15 Nov 2025 01:28:00 -0500

To begin with, I'd like to draw your attention to the music in this primary source. It is called J. II. 9 (Turin Codex) also known as the Cyprus Codex, an anonymous manuscript created at the Nicosia court in the early 15th century during the Frankish rule of Cyprus under the Lusignan Dynasty. It is the only known source of Western music from the region and one of the rare exclusively French codices from that era. In other words, you're listening to Medieval Cypriot music that has been reconstructed by Dimitris Kountouras. The full album*, "ΜΟΥΣΙΚΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΥΛΗ ΤΩΝ ΛΟΥΖΙΝΙΑΝΩΝ: Ο ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ" can be purchased here:
https://exsilentio.org/
https://s22.gr/products/kountouras-kypros

Wilbrand von Oldenburg, a nobleman from 12th-century Germany, pursued an ecclesiastical career and became a canon of Hildesheim in 1211. Connected to imperial and religious elites, he traveled to the Holy Land (1211–1213) for diplomacy and pilgrimage. His Itinerarium Terrae Sanctae is a key source on the political, military, and religious landscape of Lesser Armenia, Cyprus, and the Levant, highlighting the region’s cultural diversity. He makes several observations on the affluence of the island's nobility and their conspicuous consumption. This primary source serves as a springboard into my next episode with Dr. Maria Parani on the Material Culture of Medieval Cyprus!

*Φανή Αντωνέλου φωνή / Fanie Antonelou voice
Φλώρα Παπαδοπούλου γοτθική άρπα / Flora Papadopoulos gothic harp
Ηλέκτρα Μηλιάδου βιέλα / Elektra Miliadou fiddle
Νίκος Βαρελάς κρουστά / Nikos Varelas percussion
Δημήτρης Κούντουρας φλάουτο με ράμφος & διεύθυνση/ Dimitris Kountouras recorder & direction

BONUS! Armenian-Cypriots with Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra

Mon, 10 Nov 2025 02:50:00 -0500

The history of Armenians in Cyprus is traced back to centuries, shaped by waves of migration, resilience, and cultural contributions. In this episode, I sit down with Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra to explore the deep-rooted history of Armenian Cypriots, from their earliest presence on the island to their pivotal role in modern Cypriot society. We discuss their arrival and establishment in Cyprus and how they maintained their distinct identity while integrating into Cypriot life. Hadjilyra sheds light on their contributions to commerce, education, and the arts, highlighting figures who played a crucial role in shaping the cultural and economic landscape. We also explore the challenges faced by the Armenian community, including displacement, language preservation, and political shifts, while examining how Armenian Cypriots navigated their dual identity in a changing world. Through stories of survival, adaptation, and innovation, this episode delves into how a small yet influential community helped shape Cyprus' history and continues to leave its mark today.

44. Piety and Passion: Women in Medieval Cyprus with Angel Nicolaou-Konnari

Sun, 02 Nov 2025 03:49:00 -0400

The legal status of women in medieval Cyprus was influenced by a mix of Byzantine, Frankish, and local customs. While legal frameworks varied, women often faced limitations on property ownership and inheritance rights. However, some women managed to attain positions of influence and power, challenging traditional norms. Despite societal constraints, women in medieval Cyprus demonstrated resilience, resourcefulness, and adaptability. Their contributions and agency, whether in domestic spheres, economic activities, or shaping political alliances, left an indelible mark on the island's history. Join me this month as I welcome back Dr. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari!

Primary Source XLIV: From the Pen of Stefano Lusignan

Wed, 15 Oct 2025 01:30:00 -0400

Stefano Lusignan (also known as Étienne de Lusignan) was a member of the Lusignan family, which ruled over Cyprus during the medieval period. He is known for his historical works, particularly his chronicles that provide valuable insights into the history and culture of Cyprus during his time. Though writing at the tail end of the Venetian Period, his writings often focused on the Lusignan dynasty and its rule over the island. His works are considered important sources for understanding the medieval history of Cyprus and provides us some insight into the perception of medieval women which were stereotyped as either wholly pious or susceptible to immorality -- perceptions which are simplistic and problematic. This excerpt provides both perspectives as a springboard into next month's episode where we discuss Women in Medieval Cyprus with returning guest, Angel-Nicolaou Konnari.

Ancient Scripts, City-States, and Hidden Museum Treasures: A Huge Year Ahead for The History of Cyprus Podcast

Fri, 10 Oct 2025 11:56:00 -0400

Big things are coming! I’m sharing some exciting updates about what’s ahead for The History of Cyprus Podcast — including new episodes on the Cypro-Minoan script, ancient Cypriot city-states, and even a chat with The Met Museum curators on the grand reopening of the Cesnola Collection.

43. Erudites in Exile: The Kigalas Family with Ioannis Kyriakantonakis

Thu, 02 Oct 2025 13:15:00 -0400

In this episode, we explore the fascinating history of the Kigalas family, a prominent Cypriot family that played a significant role in the religious and intellectual landscape of the 16th and 17th centuries. My guest, Ioannis Kyriakantonakis, provides an in-depth look at the political and religious dynamics of the Kigalas family. At the heart of our discussion is Matthaios Kigalas, a highly influential Orthodox cleric and scholar who moved to Venice, where he became a key figure in both Orthodox and Catholic circles. We also trace the paths of his sons—Ioannis, Demetrios, and the enigmatic Hilarion Kigalas—who pursued careers in Renaissance Europe as scholars, physicians, and clerics. Through the lives of the Kigalas family, we uncover broader themes of identity, faith, and the fluid boundaries between East and West. Their story offers valuable insights into religious diplomacy, intellectual exchange, and the legacy and impact of Cypriot scholars abroad.

You can purchase Ioannis' new book here: https://papazissi.gr/product/istorikos-logos-tis-megalis-ekklisias-kata-tin-proimi-neoterikotita/

Primary Source XLIII: From the Pen of Charles Patin

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 01:00:00 -0400

"The Charites of Cyprus infused him with charm,
With the tongue of Homer and the mind of Plato.
-A distich from Ioannis Kigalas' portrait

Ioannis Kigalas (Greek: Ιωάννης Κιγάλας; Italian: Giovanni Cigala, c. 1622 – c. 5 November 1687) was a Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy, Language and Logic at the University of Padua. Along with his brothers, Demetrios and Hilarion, they were educated at the Greek College of Rome, each pursuing distinct but interconnected careers within the intellectual and ecclesiastical spheres of their time.

In this excerpt we hear from Ioannis' colleague at the University of Padua, Charles Patin, professor of medicine, who praises Kigalas intellectual prowess. This leads us to next month's episode on the Kigalas Family.

Here is the text in full:
He cultivated the purity and elegance of the Attic language so earnestly that if the Attic Siren Isocrates or Xenophon’s muse were to revive, they would undoubtedly recognize in this man all the charms and beauty of their language. However, while he took delight in the more pleasant literary studies, he did not neglect the more rigorous disciplines; for he applied himself diligently to philosophy and theology, in which he excelled so much that, after demonstrating his sharp intellect through numerous public examinations, he was deservedly counted among the doctors of philosophy by the judgment of the wisest men.

42. Castrum Cyprium: Crusader Castles of Cyprus with James Petre

Tue, 02 Sep 2025 02:36:00 -0400

Cyprus' landscape is dotted with castles -- most famously by those nestled on the Kyrenia mountain range -- many which predate the Lusignan Period. First built by the Byzantines to protect Cyprus' northern coast, these castles would become fortified and expanded by the Franks. But Western sources circa twelfth and thirteenth centuries speak of castles throughout the main cities including "castrum Famagustam," "castellum quod dicitur Baffes" and "castellum quoddam firmissimum" in Nicosia. Were there castles there too? And for that matter, why were they later abandoned? Today my guest is renowned castellologist, Dr. James Petre, whose definitive work "Crusader Castles of Cyprus" frames the bulk of this episode.

Primary Source XLII: Roger of Howden

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 03:01:00 -0400

Our primary source this month comes from the 12th century English chronicler, Roger of Hoveden (Howden). This excerpt was chosen as it references a number of castles that dotted the Cypriot landscape during Richard the Lionheart's campaign. You'll hear him refer to Buffavent (Buffavento), Kantara, Dieu D'Amour (a possible corruption of the Greek name, Didymus -- now St. Hilarion) and an unknown castle in Nicosia called Cherin. Its significance is that the castles predate Richard's conquest (i.e., they are Byzantine structures) and serves as a nice segue into my interview next month with Dr. James Petre on the Castles of Cyprus!

BONUS! Myths & Legends: Cyprus in Mythology with Christian Körner

Sun, 10 Aug 2025 00:03:00 -0400

In this bonus episode, Dr. Christian Körner takes us into the world of Iron Age Cyprus and its city-kingdoms, exploring the foundation myths that shaped their identities. With legendary figures like Pygmalion, who fashioned a statue that came to life; Myrrha, the tragic mother of Adonis; and Teucer, the exiled half-brother of Ajax who is said to have founded Salamis. Other examples include Acamas, son of Theseus, who was linked to the founding of Soli; Agapenor, the Arcadian king who settled in Paphos after the Trojan War; and Kinyras, the mythical king of Cyprus associated with Aphrodite’s cult and with musical and priestly traditions that echo Greek heroic ideals. Körner explains how these myths should be seen as intentional histories, crafted to serve political, cultural, or even propagandistic purposes at the time they were written down. While many stories link Cypriot origins to Athenian or Homeric heroes, others, like those of Amathus and Paphos, emphasize local roots. He also highlights how these myths often aimed to explain place names, assert legitimacy, or reinforce alliances--effectively serving as ancient “branding campaigns” for the cities, reinforcing cultural ties while also asserting the island’s unique local identity.

41. The Emperor of Flocks & Camels? The Calocaerus Revolt with Maria Castello

Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:33:00 -0400

Calocaerus (Greek: Καλόκαιρος; d. 334 AD) was a Roman usurper who led a short-lived revolt against Emperor Constantine I in Cyprus. Appointed in 330 AD as Magister pecoris camelorum ("Master of the Flock and Camels"), a position with uncertain significance, Calocaerus proclaimed himself emperor in 334 AD. His rebellion, however, was swiftly suppressed by Flavius Dalmatius, Constantine's half-brother, and he was executed in Tarsus. While often dismissed as an inconsequential footnote, the context of his revolt raises intriguing questions.

In this episode, I’m joined by Dr. Maria Castello, whose research sheds new light on this period. Maria suggests that Calocaerus’ rebellion might have been more significant than previously thought. The timing, occurring shortly after a devastating earthquake, and the dramatic manner of his execution hint at broader implications.

Primary Source XLI: An Excerpt from Aurelius Victor

Tue, 15 Jul 2025 01:18:00 -0400

The Calocaerus Revolt (334 CE) was an uprising led by a certain Calocaerus, the Magister Pecoris Camelorum (Master of the Flock and Camels) in Cyprus, who declared himself emperor. The revolt was short lived and ruthlessly suppressed in the same year by Flavius Dalmatius, half brother to Emperor Constantine I. We know of the events from historians such as St. Jerome (Jerome of Stridon), St. Theophanes the Confessor and (our earliest source) from Sextus Aurelius Victor in his work De Caesaribus. Written in the 4th century, it provides a concise summary of the lives and reigns of Roman emperors from Augustus to Constantius II, and it draws heavily from the Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte, a lost source that served as a common framework for several late Roman historical accounts. This short (but important) source springboards us to next month's episode: the little known and enigmatic Calocaerus Revolt with Maria Castello!

40. From Exploration to Exploitation: The Early History of Cypriot Archaeology with Luca Bombardieri

Wed, 02 Jul 2025 18:28:00 -0400

The history of archaeology in Cyprus started with a focus on collecting ancient objects, which influenced how archaeology was done on the island into the 1900s. In the 1800s and 1900s, foreign expeditions came to Cyprus to dig up artifacts, but this also led to illegal digging and private collections, both on the island and in the West. My guest this month, Luca Bombardieri (Director of the Erimi Archaeological Project in Cyprus) looks at the time when Europeans first became really interested in Cypriot history, moving from just writing about it to collecting actual objects. It focuses on three Italian travelers in the late 1700s (Giovanni Mariti, Domenico Sestini and Antonio Mondaini) exploring how their discoveries and actions shaped the way people understood and handled Cypriot artifacts over the next 200 years.

Primary Source XL: The Travels of Giovanni Mariti

Sun, 15 Jun 2025 01:20:00 -0400

Giovanni Mariti (1736–1806) was an Italian traveler best known for his detailed accounts of the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly Cyprus, during the 18th century. Born in Florence, Mariti served as an official in the service of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and his travels provided him with firsthand insights into the social, political, and economic life of the regions he visited. He stayed in Cyprus for seven years and served as an official in the Tuscan consulate in Larnaca. His most notable work, Travels in the Island of Cyprus, written in the late 18th century, is a rich source of information on the customs, governance, and history of Cyprus under Ottoman rule -- particularly in the earliest excavations on the island. In this excerpt, we hear from Mariti as he discusses some interesting finds in and around Larnaca. This excerpt is a perfect springboard into my next month's guest, Luca Bombardieri (Director of the Erimi Archaeological Project) as we discuss early archaeology in his latest publication, "From Exploration to Exploitation: Giovanni Mariti, Domenico Sestini, Antonio Mondaini and the Early History of Cypriot Archaeology."

39. Brigands & Bandits: Banditry in 19th Century Cyprus with Mehmet Demiryürek

Mon, 02 Jun 2025 02:22:00 -0400

The Bouliler brothers are emblematic figures of banditry amidst a backdrop of economic struggle and social change. Hasan Bulli, a Turkish Cypriot from Paphos, became a legendary folk hero in Cyprus in the late 19th century. Often compared to American outlaws like Jesse James, he gained notoriety for his bold actions and was remembered through songs and tales long after his death. His life changed after his love for Emete, his uncle's wife, and a conflict with a fellow outlaw, Hayreddin. After a failed ambush attempt on Hayreddin—who had allegedly harassed Emete—Hasan was framed and sentenced to prison for a crime he denied committing.

Hasan was convicted and fled to the mountains, where he spent 18 months as a fugitive. His brothers Kaymakam and Hüseyin also became fugitives after being accused of murder. They formed a gang and operated in the mountains until 1896 where they were ultimately captured and killed.

But who were the Bullis? And how do we separate fact from fiction? Through a balanced lens, Professor Mehmet Demiryürek (Hitit University) examines the reality behind the legends, exploring the socio-economic conditions of the period, the Bouliler's deeds and misdeeds, and their enduring impact on modern Cypriot memory.

Primary Source XXXIX: The Ballad of Hasan Bulli

Thu, 15 May 2025 01:01:00 -0400

Hasan Bulli is a significant figure in the history of Cyprus. A notorious bandit who roamed the island’s rural landscape in the late 19th century, he became something of a folk hero--often compared to Jesse James. His daring deeds and the stories surrounding his gang became the stuff of legend in Cypriot folklore. Turkish Cypriot poet Hafız Cemaleddin immortalized them in a poem titled Cyprus Bandit under the British Rule published on June 21, 1896.

Next month, join The History of Cyprus Podcast as I welcome Dr. Mehmet Demiryürek to discuss brigands and bandits in 19th-century Cyprus!

BONUS! Surfaces, Surveys & Spatiotemporal Dynamics: The Hala Sultan Tekke Hinterland Project with Jan Coenaerts and Polte De Weirdt

Sat, 10 May 2025 01:50:00 -0400

For this bonus episode, I interview Jan Coenaerts and Polte De Weirdt from Vrije University in Belgium as they embark on their next season at The Hala Sultan Tekke Hinterland Survey Project (HST-HASP). They use archaeological survey and landscape analysis to reassess spatial organization at Dromolaxia-Vyzakia (13th–12th century BCE Late Bronze Age harbour town) in order to reconstruct its long-term settlement dynamics, revealing that the Late Bronze Age settlement at Dromolaxia-Vyzakia was larger and more dispersed than previously thought.

38. Bones, Burials & Bioarchaeology: Reconstructing the Past with Sherry Fox

Fri, 02 May 2025 02:43:00 -0400

In this interview, we delve into the past with bioarchaeologist, Sherry Fox (Arizona State University), as we explore how bioarchaeologists utilize technology to reconstruct the lives of ancient inhabitants, identify various ailments they suffered and how studying even their teeth can unveil details about their occupations. We'll explore a variety of subjects, including cranial modification practices in Cyprus(!), the evolution of burial customs throughout centuries, and the ethical considerations surrounding the preservation of human remains.

Primary Source XXXVIII: An Excerpt from Luigi Palma Di Cesnola

Tue, 15 Apr 2025 00:11:00 -0400

Luigi Palma Di Cesnola is a controversial figure in Cypriot history. Born in Turin in 1832, he served in the First Italian War of Independence and later in the Crimean War. In 1858, he left Italy for the United States where his service in U.S. Civil War earned him distinction. He was later appointed as a consul in Larnaca where he engaged in wide-spread excavations (which many have considered tantamount to looting). Most of his finds were purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art where he served as its first director. His finds can still be seen there to this day.

This excerpt was taken from his book, "Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples" where he describes one of the many tombs across Cyprus. This, of course, being the perfect introduction to next month's guest, Dr. Sherry Fox, where we discuss changing burial customs in Cyprus from the very ancient to the present. Next month: Bones, Burials and Bioarchaeology!

Here is the text in full:
"West of these tombs, I discovered nine oven-shaped caverns, containing such a quantity of bones that I was extremely curious to examine one thoroughly. Accordingly, the earth was removed and I counted no less than sixty-four human skulls. These nine caverns would have been infinitely too small to contain the amount of bodies indicated and I believe therefore that they were ossuaries for bones, removed from the rock-cut tombs to make way for other bodies. There was a platform made of sun-dried bricks and upon the platform the dead were laid, with the head always towards the entrance. These tombs were made to contain in most cases three bodies, yet in many of them the remains of two, one on the right and the other on the left of the doorway. In some few instances a reversed earthenware plate was found placed under the head, serving as a pillow to the dead."

Luigi Palma Di Cesnola - Cyprus Its Ancient Cities, Tombs and Temples, 1877"

A little update...and a small request!

Sat, 05 Apr 2025 01:01:00 -0400

Hello everyone! Thank you as always for tuning in. I've got a lot of great episodes planned that will take us well into 2026! Have a listen!

But I'm also writing to ask for your support. If you enjoy the show or any particular episode, please consider taking some time to leave a review online. Positive reviews help grow the podcast and spread the word. And as always, you can always join as a Patron! For as little as $1 a month, you can help keep the podcast ad free and support the creation of new and exciting Primary Sources! And don't forget, follow The History of Cyprus Podcast on Instagram!

37. For King & Country: Cyprus in the Second World War with Marios Siammas

Wed, 02 Apr 2025 01:17:00 -0400

The impact of the Second World War was far-reaching -- Cyprus included. While initial reactions to the war were muted, the dynamic shifted dramatically when Greece entered the fray, spurring Cypriots to enlist in large numbers to serve King and Country. Much like in World War I, many Cypriots served as muleteers, but this time, direct action was far more likely. Thousands of Greek, Turkish, Armenian and Maronite Cypriots were deployed across the globe, including Egypt, Greece, and, most notably, Monte Cassino, Italy. They were among those evacuated at Dunkirk, flew missions with the RAF, and tragically, some even perished in concentration camps.

The Cypriot war dead are commemorated in 23 different countries and across 72 cenotaphs, with notable locations including France, Germany, Poland -- and as far afield as Singapore and China. Italy holds the largest number of Cypriot graves, with volunteers interred in 18 separate cemeteries. But the war also left its mark on Cyprus itself, with the island enduring air raids, social change -- and even bombings. It may even hold the distinction of being the only allied country to "suffer air raids on the same day by three different air forces." (William Battershill, Governor of Cyprus 1939-1941).

How were Cypriots trained for service? Who was recruited, and what challenges did they face upon their return? To explore these questions and more, I’m joined by Dr. Marios Siammas to discuss Cyprus in the Second World War!

Primary Source XXXVII: The Battle of Monte Cassino

Sat, 15 Mar 2025 01:06:00 -0400

The Battle of Monte Cassino (1944) was a series of Allied assaults on heavily fortified German positions in central Italy, centered around the ancient Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino. Capturing Monte Cassino would weaken Germany's grasp in Italy and open the way to Rome. Cypriot muleteers played a pivotal role in overcoming the rugged terrain and essential for the Allied Effort. Nightly, hundreds of mules carried critical supplies—such as water, rations, grenades, ammunition, and medical materials—to front-line positions, braving relentless mortar attacks. On their return, they transported the wounded to aid stations.

In this dramatization, we hear from Georgios Christofi whose mule (and many other war animals) died on the slopes of Monte Cassino. The efforts of the mule companies were instrumental in securing victory at Monte Cassino. Despite constant fire, they ensured essential supplies reached the forward positions, allowing Allied forces to sustain their offensive. Their adaptability, along with lessons from previous campaigns, proved crucial in navigating and succeeding in Italy's harsh mountainous terrain.

36. Deus Vult! The Templars in Cyprus with Peter Edbury

Sun, 02 Mar 2025 10:03:57 -0500

The Knights Templar were a medieval Christian military order founded in the early 12th century. Originally established to protect pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land during the Crusades, they quickly grew in wealth and influence. In 1191, Richard the Lionheart sold Cyprus to the Knights Templar for 100,000 Syrian bezants.*** This provided the Templar Order the opportunity to exploit Cyprus' wealth for its own gain. However, this would not last long. Within a year, Cyprus was in revolt and though the rebellion was ruthlessly quelled, the Templars chose to sell Cyprus back to Richard. They did retain a number of estates and stayed on the island as landowners for centuries.

But their power and wealth attracted jealousy and suspicion. In the early 14th century, King Philip IV of France, heavily indebted to the Templars, orchestrated their downfall. Accused of blasphemy, heresy and sorcery, they were arrested, put on trial and burned at the stake. Cypriot Templars were no exception. So what happened?

The Knights Templar remain a subject of fascination and speculation in popular culture and historical research, with many legends and conspiracy theories surrounding their mysterious rituals, alleged secret knowledge and, yes, even hidden Templar treasure in Cyprus! I welcome Professor Emeritus from Cardiff University, Dr. Peter Edbury, to explore the Templars in Cyprus!

***According to Dr. Edbury, a Saracen Bezant was worth the value of its bullion content and would typically weigh about 3.8 grams (80% fine) which would work out to approximately £150 sterling or a total of £15 million! (approx. 19,000,000 USD)

Primary Source XXXVI: The Templars & The Easter Revolt of 1192

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 01:42:00 -0500

For this month's primary source, our excerpt follows the infamous Easter Revolt* in 1192. After the Templars purchased Cyprus from King Richard the Lionheart, they initiated the heavy-handed exploitation of Cyprus, culminating in a revolt against the Templars and the subsequent transfer of Cyprus back to Richard. This will springboard us into my next interview with Professor Emeritus, Peter Edbury, and the Templar Rule in Cyprus.

*This excerpt comes from the The Estoire d'Eracles -- an anonymous Old French chronicle and a continuation to William of Tyre's, "History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea." The chronicle begins with the reconquest of Jerusalem in 630 CE during Roman emperor Heraclius' reign (hence the name, Heraclius' History) and ends with Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem.

35. Marks of Devotion or Desecration? Medieval Graffiti with Mia Trentin

Sun, 02 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Graffiti is most often associated with vandalism today. The idea of entering a church to carve into a fresco or scratch an icon feels unthinkable. Yet, in Medieval Cyprus, graffiti was a common practice—one rooted in reverence and spiritual expression. Far from desecration, these markings, whether scripts, scratches, shapes, or symbols, carried apotropaic or petitionary significance. They were often acts of devotion, not defacement. In this episode, I’m joined by archaeologist and historian Mia Trentin to explore the fascinating world of Medieval Graffiti in Cyprus!

Primary Source XXXV: The Travels of Jacques Le Saige

Wed, 15 Jan 2025 01:53:00 -0500

Jacques Le Saige, a silk merchant from Douai, France, embarked on a journey to Jerusalem on March 19, 1518, visiting Cyprus from July to September of that year. In this episode, we hear of his visit to Saint Sophia in Nicosia, offering some of the earliest evidence of medieval "graffiti" -- in this case, marks left by visiting pilgrims. His own name, etched into the wall of the Church of St. Francis in Famagusta, was rediscovered in 1901.

Churches in Cyprus were, surprisingly, quite often riddled with graffiti. Most would assume those were marks of desecration. Was that always the case? Let this captivating primary source serve as a prelude to next month's episode, Medieval Graffiti with Mia Trentin!

34. Hail Alexis, the Peasant King: The Cypriot Peasant Revolt with Chrysovalantis Kyriacou

Thu, 02 Jan 2025 02:47:00 -0500

In 1426, if but for a short while, Cyprus had two kings. King Janus of Cyprus and the ill-fated "Peasant King," Alexis, crowned by the people. The Peasant Revolt is a little known event in Cyprus' history but it is believed to have been triggered by the Mamluk invasion, the capture of King Janus and the sack of Nicosia. After the Muslim withdrawal, peasants revolted proclaiming the peasant Alexis as king. In short time, the rebellion was put down and Alexis was executed. Where was this rooted? How did it unfold? Join me with Dr. Chrysovalantis Kyriacou as we discuss the 1426 Peasant Revolt!

Primary Source XXXIV: The Strambali Chronicle

Sun, 15 Dec 2024 01:12:00 -0500

This month's Primary Source is based on the "Strambal(d)i Chronicle" written at the end of the 16th century by Diomede Strambali -- a native of Cyprus -- who by the end of the Ottoman conquest, had fled to Rome as a refugee and had his work commissioned in Italian. The Chronicle recounts one of the infamous revolts in Cyprus whereby a peasant king, King Alexis, was crowned, if but for a short while. This is a relatively unknown chapter in Cypriot history that has seldom been written about. But it is the only time in Cypriot history where Cyprus had two kings. The tale recounted in this Primary Source is believed to be largely lifted from Leontios Machairas' work but provides us with a fascinating springboard into next month's episode: The Cypriot Peasant Revolt of 1426 with Professor Chrysovalantis Kyriacou!

And if you enjoyed this Primary Source, please consider supporting the Podcast by joining as a Patron! https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast

BONUS! Amathus with Thierry Petit

Tue, 10 Dec 2024 03:38:00 -0500

Merry Christmas! Enjoy this bonus episode!

Amathus is a peculiar place. It's one of the few archaeological sites that has a relatively recent founding (i.e., the Iron Age). It boasts some peculiar customs and archaeological finds (e.g., Hathor capitals) and it is home to the famous Amathusian Bilingual (an epigraphic find that attests Cyprus' mysterious third language). My guest for this episode is Thierry Petit from the University of Laval in Quebec City, Canada. He is a former international member of the French School at Athens and has been the director of excavations at the Palace of Amathus for the past 30 years. His latest work, “The Palace of Amathus: From the Origins to the End of Kingdoms” has just been published in collaboration with Antigone Marangou.

33. Engineers, Envoys & Explorers: Cyprus & Alexander the Great with Andreas Parpas

Mon, 02 Dec 2024 03:47:00 -0500

Prior to recording this episode, I had never put any real thought into Cyprus' role in Alexander the Great's campaigns. Afterall, Cyprus is rarely (if ever) mentioned when discussing Alexander's conquests. And yet I was floored to learn not only of its significant naval contributions but just how often Alexander himself recognized the superiority of Cypriot seafaring and engineering know-how to support his expeditions. Let's consider this excerpt in the lead up to the Siege of Tyre:

"...[W]ith Cyprus too brought on side, we would be assured of supremacy at sea, and that of itself clears the way for our expedition to Egypt. When we have subdued Egypt, we shall have no further worries for Greece or our own country, and we can then make our move on Babylon with security ensured at home, our reputation enhanced, and the Persians cut off from the entire sea and all the land this side of the Euphrates." - Alexander quoted in Arrian's The Anabasis (17:4).

The Siege of Tyre was a pivotal stepping stone opening up the East to Alexander's armies. It's with the coordinated naval efforts of Pnytagoras of Salamis, Androcles of Amathus, and Pasicrates of Curium (among others) that Alexander was able to take the Sidonian harbour of Tyre. And yet their contributions didn't end there. "Alexander had recruited teams of engineers from Cyprus" (17:5 Arrian) in order to assist in the construction of siege-engines and the building of a causeway that connected the mainland to the island of Tyre in perhaps one of the most impressive feats of engineering in all of Alexander's campaigns.

To my surprise, Cypriots were more than a mere footnote in the Siege of Tyre. They played vital roles throughout Alexander's campaigns into the East as oarsmen, engineers, explorers, soldiers, trierarchs, and some were even elevated to esteemed positions as Companions and even Satraps (see Stasanor of Soli who was appointed as Satrap of Bactria in modern-day Afghanistan). They accompanied Alexander as they explored the Hydapses River (modern-day Jhelum River in Pakistan and India) while others were specifically sent to explore hitherto unknown regions. "The most extensive of the exploratory voyages was that undertaken by the helmsman Hieron from Soli. He too was given a triaconter by Alexander, with instructions to coast round the entire Arabian peninsula..." (Arrian 17:4) They were an integral component to Alexander's war machine and instrumental in his many of his successes.

In this month's episode, I'm excited to welcome researcher and historian, Andreas Parpas to discuss Cyprus' role in Alexander the Great's campaigns and its pivotal contributions to laying a foothold eastwards towards Babylon and beyond.

Primary Source XXXIII: An Excerpt from the Anabasis of Alexander

Fri, 15 Nov 2024 01:02:00 -0500

Arrian's "Anabasis of Alexander" provides us one of the most reliable accounts of Alexander the Great's campaigns -- including Alexander's Siege of Tyre. The siege, which took place in 332BC, relied heavily on Cypriot and Phoenician naval support and provided Alexander a foothold into the Persian Empire. In fact, Arrian speaks of relying on Cypriot engineers who would fit together many war machines for the campaign. With the support of the kings of Cyprus (including King Pnytagoras of Salamis who you'll hear referenced in the Primary Source) it is considered one of Alexander's most impressive accomplishments. In an incredible feat of engineering, a causeway was built connecting the Island of Tyre to the mainland, allowing Alexander to cross and successfully capture the island fortress.

Cypriots would continue to furnish Alexander's campaigns with naval and engineering support throughout Alexander's incursion into Asia and including the Hydapses River in India (Jhelum River). Next month, I interview Andreas Parpas on Cyprus' role during Alexander's campaigns.

**If you've enjoyed this Primary Source, please consider supporting the History of Cyprus on Patreon. Donations help directly fund the production of these historical sources: https://www.patreon.com/c/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast

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BONUS! Xαίρε καί πίει εύ: The History of Commandaria with Antonis Constantinou

Sun, 10 Nov 2024 13:09:00 -0500

Be Happy and Drink Well. Commandaria stands proudly as a testament to the viticultural excellence of Cyprus. In fact, Commandaria holds the distinction of being one of the oldest continuously produced wines in the world. Though produced for centuries, the roots of Commandaria can be traced back to the Crusades in the 12th century. It even won first place in a semi-legendary wine-tasting contest held in thirteenth century France.* It was under the rule of the Knights Templar and the Knights of St. John that the wine garnered its name. For this episode, I invite Dr. Antonis Constantinou, who served as Director of Cypriot Department of Agriculture and has published several authoritative books and articles to discuss the history of Commandaria!

**CHECK OUT PATREON FOR AN IMAGINING OF THE BATTLE OF THE WINES!**
The Battle of the Wines (La Bataille des Vins in French) is a poem written by Henry d'Andeli in 1224. It describes a supposed historic wine-tasting event organized by King Philip Augustus of France. Over 70 wines from various regions, including France, Spain and Cyprus were sampled and judged by an English priest. The wines were divided into two categories: "Celebrated" for those he approved and "Excommunicated" for those that did not meet his expectations. In the end, a sweet wine from Cyprus, thought to be Commandaria, was named the winner and given the esteemed title of "Apostle."

You can find Dr. Antonis Constantinou's book, "The Legend of Commandaria," on AMAZON!

32. The Eastern Wanderer: Clearchus of Soli with Gertjan Verhasselt

Sat, 02 Nov 2024 01:43:00 -0400

Clearchus of Soli was an ancient philosopher who lived in the 4th century BCE and was primarily known for his contributions to ethics and moral philosophy. Clearchus was a student of Aristotle who is often associated with his Peripatetic school. He wrote extensively on Eastern Cultures and is thought to have traveled eastward-bound, to the Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum (Alexandria on the Oxus?) in modern Afghanistan, in order to help Hellenize the city in a post-Alexandrian era. Join me as I welcome Professor Gertjan Verhasselt to discuss this fascinating and relatively unknown Cypriot philosopher, Clearchus of Soli!

Primary Source XXXII: The Inscription at Ai Khanoum

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 01:43:00 -0400

Ai-Khanoum was an ancient Greek city located in the northern part of modern-day Afghanistan, near the border with Tajikistan. This city was notable for its Hellenistic architectural and cultural influence, and it served as a center of Greek culture and administration in the region. So what could this possibly have to do with Cyprus?

The Cypriot philosopher, Clearchus of Soli, was said to have travelled there in order to assist in the Hellenization of the city by another compatriot of his, Stasanor, who served as a general under Alexander the Great and later became the satrap of Bactria. You heard right. The Ai Khanoum inscription (a maxim of the Delphic Oracle) is said to have been commissioned by Clearchus to honour the founder of the city. But just who was Clearchus? And how did Cypriot(s) (not just one!) make their way to Ancient Bactria/Afghanistan? Next month, I discuss Clearchus with Professor Gertjan Verhasselt from the University of Padova.

**You may have noticed that this upload is a bit earlier than usual. And that's because there is something very special coming mid-month on The History of Cyprus Podcast that I am incredibly excited for. Stay tuned for an October 17th Special Episode!

SPECIAL! Fantasy, Folklore & Film: "Motherwitch" with Minos Papas

Thu, 10 Oct 2024 00:01:00 -0400

Itsy bitsy sausages
Black hilted knife
Eat and depart
To the place of no return*

If you're like me, you've almost certainly heard the stories. Light your fireplace. Set your colanders out. Placate them with food and desserts until the Epiphany bells ring. Then -- and only then -- will they return to the underworld. Ironically, the Twelve Days of Christmas could be a terrifying time. And for some growing up in Cyprus, they certainly were.

By now, I'm sure you've figured out what I'm referring to: I'm talking about the malodorous, beastial and malicious goblins -- the καλικάντζαροι (kalikantzari). I've always wondered where these stories might have originated, what these creatures represented and even what they might have looked like. Imagine my surprise (and joy) to find out that they're making their way to the BIG screen!

For this incredible episode, I'm joined by filmmaker, Minos Papas, who talks to me about his latest film, "Motherwitch: Δωδεκάμερον," which is slated for a 2025/2026 global release. The movie, set in 19th century Cyprus, stars Margarita Zachariou as Eleni, "an outcast painter, [who] tries to resurrect her dead children but unleashes a horde of creatures upon her village" (IMDb). Motherwitch, which is partially funded by Cypriot Department of Cultural Service, also stars Athos Antoniou, John Hughes and Miltos Yerolemou (of Game of Thrones fame).

Minos and I discuss the art of film, the origins of Kalikantzari in Cypriot folklore and imagination, the work that went into the pre and post production and finally, what we can expect in the coming months. Though a work of fiction and fantasy, Motherwitch excites me as it is a culmination of years of research, and painstaking attention to historical accuracy and detail. It is a movie which strives to be a faithful to the period, capturing not only the look and feel, but the language and customs of the time. This is the first time Cyprus' culture will make its way to the Big Screen.

You can support Motherwitch in its distribution here where you can access a sneak peek to some scenes from the movie!
---->Motherwitch Kickstarter
---->Motherwitch Instagram

Follow and support The History of Cyprus Podcast. Episodes are released on the 2nd of every month while Primary Source recordings are released on the 15th, the month prior!
----> Instagram! The History of Cyprus Podcast
----> Patreon! The History of Cyprus Podcast

*These words are typically said while "feeding" the Kalikantzari

31. Cyprus in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps with Andrekos Varnava

Wed, 02 Oct 2024 01:16:00 -0400

As World War I engulfed Europe, Britain and its colonies were not spared. Despite Cyprus avoiding conscription like Canada, the British coaxed Cypriots to enlist in auxiliary roles, notably the mule corps, to aid the Allies on the Salonica front. Promised non-combat duties, Cypriots soon found themselves thrust into conflict. How were they persuaded? What trials did they face? How did they fare upon their return? I welcome back Professor Andrekos Varnava from Flinders University as we discuss one of his latest books, "Serving the Empire in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps, Imperial Loyalty and Silenced Memory," which you can find on Amazon: (this is the Canadian Website).

Primary Source XXXI: "I want YOU for the Cypriot Mule Corps!"

Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:10 -0400

For this month's primary source, I've taken some liberty with its recording, turning this very real enlistment ad into a radio spot. However, historically speaking, there was no radio service at the time -- and so this certainly would not have been broadcast in Cyprus.

Given the widespread illiteracy at the time, enlistment campaigns such as the one here, would've been read aloud at the local καφενεíο (coffee-house) by the village teacher to any man in earshot to advertise the high rates of pay, food, clothing and relative safety in supporting Great Britain during the First World War. Though many are familiar with Cyprus' participation in the Second World War, its role in the First is less known. Why would Cypriots have enlisted to begin with? And did they indeed face "non-combative roles" as promised? Next month, I welcome back Professor Andrekos Varnava from Flinders University as we discuss one of his latest books, "Serving the Empire in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps, Imperial Loyalty and Silenced Memory."

BONUS! Follow Where Reason Leads: Zeno of Citium & Stoicism with Andrew Erskine

Tue, 10 Sep 2024 01:34:00 -0400

In this episode, Professor Andrew Erskine (University of Edinburgh) delves into the life and legacy of Zeno of Citium, the ancient philosopher whose teachings laid the foundation for the Stoic school of thought. Born in Citium (Kition) Cyprus, Zeno's journey from humble beginnings to philosophical prominence is a testament to the power of resilience and intellectual curiosity. Shipwrecked in Athens, he established his own philosophical school in the Stoa where his students became known as "Stoics." Stoicism had many famous adherents, including of course, Emperor Marcus Aurelius. But Andrew shares with us a lesser known Stoic, and fellow Cypriot, Persaeus of Citium, a favourite student of Zeno's, who becomes an influential member in the Macedonian Court. So who was Zeno? What were the tenets of Stoicism? And what impact did Zeno's thought have on the Greco-Roman world? Join us as we explore Zeno's upbringing in Cyprus, his philosophical influences, and the enduring impact of Stoicism on modern thought.

Consider signing up as a patron on Patreon. For as little as $1 a month, your contributions help fund the History of Cyprus Podcast and keep it ad free. Please consider supporting the History of Cyprus Podcast and help build this digital repository of Cypriot history! https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast

30. Living on the Edge: Earthquakes and The Kourion Urban Space Project with Laura Swantek

Mon, 02 Sep 2024 03:02:00 -0400

In the 4th century, a series of powerful earthquakes shook the island of Cyprus, leaving a profound impact on its inhabitants and Kourion in particular. These seismic events not only disrupted daily life but also reshaped the landscape, causing widespread destruction and challenging the resilience of Cypriots. The earthquakes of the 4th century stand as a testament to the enduring spirit of those who faced and rebuilt their communities in the wake of nature's formidable fury. This month, I speak with the co-director of the Kourion Urban Space Project, Dr. Laura Swantek, as KUSP enters its 14th season at Kourion.

Primary Source XXX: The Sibylline Oracle

Thu, 15 Aug 2024 01:17:00 -0400

The Sibyls of ancient Greece and Rome were oracles that divined the future by channeling the god, Apollo. Sibyls were considered to be intermediaries between the mortal world and the divine realm, and their pronouncements were highly regarded by the Greeks. Sibyls were often consulted by individuals, city-states, and rulers seeking guidance on important matters such as warfare, politics, and religion. They were believed to possess deep wisdom and knowledge of the future, and their utterances were typically written down and preserved as sacred texts. For this month's primary source, we hear an amalgam of prophesies as they relate to Cyprus -- specifically a series of ominous predictions of earthquakes and floods predating the infamous 4th century earthquake that levelled parts of Cyprus including Kourion. Fitting, as next I interview Laura Swantek, the assistant director of the Kourion Urban Space Project!

29. Dedicating to your God: The Votive Tradition with Erin Averett

Fri, 02 Aug 2024 01:12:00 -0400

Votive practices in Cyprus have long been an integral part of the island's rich cultural and religious traditions. Cypriots have engaged in diverse acts of votive offerings to express gratitude, seek divine favor, or fulfill vows. In ancient Cyprus, votives played a significant role in the worship of various deities. The sanctuaries dedicated to gods and goddesses were adorned with votive objects such as statues, terracotta figurines, and ceramic vessels. If you're looking at a statuette in a museum -- there's a good chance that you're looking at a votive that was once offered to a god/or goddess and was excavated from a temple. These offerings were given as tokens of devotion, seeking blessings, protection, or even healing. This month I welcome Dr. Erin Averett, associate director of the Athienou-Malloura site, to discuss the Votive Tradition in Cyprus.

Primary Source XXIX: The Idalion Bilingual

Mon, 15 Jul 2024 00:02:00 -0400

The Idalion Bilingual inscription comprises a dedication composed in Phoenician and Greek, using the Cypriot syllabic script. This inscription played a crucial role in deciphering the Cypriot syllabic writing system and is often referred to as the equivalent of the 'Rosetta stone' in Cyprus. Despite Idalion being under Phoenician rule at that time, Greek was still widely spoken as it was most certainly a multilingual city. The Idalion Bilingual was discovered in an area within the Sanctuary of Apollo that appears to have been utilized by both Greeks and Phoenicians.

Originally, the stone carrying the inscription would have supported a statue honoring Apollo/Reshep. Though quite a short primary source, the reading offers a look into the traditions of temple dedications as we discuss votives and rural sanctuaries with Dr. Erin Averett next month.

BONUS! A New Paradigm Shift? The Peopling of Cyprus with Dora Moutsiou

Wed, 10 Jul 2024 12:57:00 -0400

There's a good chance that you might have heard of a recent study published in May 2024 that revises our understanding of when Cyprus was first settled. You can read more on it here: Archaeology Magazine.

...but to borrow a short excerpt from the article, "It had been argued that hunter-gatherers only traveled to inhospitable islands in the eastern Mediterranean because mainland coastal areas were flooded by rising sea levels... [but] modeling indicates that the temperature and rainfall on the island at the time would have been able to support large hunter-gatherer populations."

I've been fortunate to speak with one of the co-authors behind the study, Dr. Dora Moutsiou from the University of Cyprus, who, with her team of colleagues, argue that mathematical modeling can show us that Cyprus was likely settled even earlier than was once previously thought: 14,000 years ago. Join me as I speak with Dora on their recent study/finds and learn more about the earliest settlers on Cyprus!*

Enjoy this BONUS episode and consider becoming a Patron on Patreon where your donations help with the show's production.

*Also check out "The Cliffs of the Eagles: Prehistoric Cyprus with Alan Simmons" for some historical context.

28. Holy Men & Heathens: The Last Pagans of Cyprus with Georgios Deligiannakis

Tue, 02 Jul 2024 01:08:00 -0400

**My apologies on my audio quality for this episode. Working off an old laptop for this particular recording.

Early Christianity in Cyprus dates back to the first century AD, when the island was part of the Roman Empire. According to tradition, the apostles Paul, Barnabas, and John Mark traveled to Cyprus to spread the message of Christianity. The island is, of course, mentioned in the New Testament as the birthplace of Barnabas. In the early centuries of Christianity, Cyprus was an important center of Christian activity and played a key role in the spread of the religion in the Eastern Mediterranean (even producing Britain's first bishop -- St. Aristoboulos!). The Island of Saints was home to a number of significant early Christian figures, including St. Epiphanius, the bishop of Salamis, who wrote extensively about Christian theology and doctrine and Cyprus' bishops were active participants in the early Church Councils (such as The Council of Nicaea). While we know that violence erupted between pagans and Christians in cities such as Alexandria, what was the transition in Cyprus like? This month, I discuss The Last Pagans of Cyprus with Professor Georgios Deligiannakis!

Primary Source XXVIII: The Apocryphal Acts of Barnabas

Sat, 15 Jun 2024 01:05:00 -0400

If you're listening to this month's Primary Source, you're hearing from the acts of Cyprus' patron saint, St. Barnabas. St. Barnabas was a Cypriot Jew who converted to Christianity and undertook missionary work across the island and beyond. In the Acts of the Apostles, he was accompanied by St. Paul most famously confronting a magician named Elymas, also known as "Bar-Jesus," and converting the Roman proconsul of Cyprus, Sergius Paulus -- that is, until an unknown disagreement where Barnabas and Paul went their separate ways.

But this month's Primary Source reading isn't from the Bible.

This is from a non-canonical work called the "Apocryphal Acts of St. Barnabas." They are one of many works of early Christianity that were rejected by the early Church Councils. The Acts of Barnabas is believed to have been composed in the 5th or 6th century and describes the missionary activities of Barnabas. The Acts of Barnabas includes stories of his travels to Cyprus, Antioch, and Rome, where he is said to have performed miracles, converted many people to Christianity, and established churches.

In this particular excerpt, we hear of Barnabas' missionary work in Cyprus, specifically in Amathus, where he encounters both pagans and Christian converts. He mentions condemning pagan athletics occurring in the nude outside of Kourion (which are promptly destroyed by an earthquake) and later, condemning a religious ceremony on the Acropolis of Amathus. In Salamis, however, Barnabas is taken and burned at the stake -- his remains were recovered in secret where he was buried with a copy of the Gospel of St. Matthew. These remains were said to have been found in the 5th century which would grant the Church of Cyprus autocephalic status.

Next month, I welcome Professor Georgios Deligiannakis to discuss the transformative years of early Christianity: "Holy Men & Heathens: The Last Pagans of Cyprus"

27. Between Constantinople & the West: The Middle Byzantine Period with Tassos Papacostas

Sun, 02 Jun 2024 03:00:00 -0400

For this month's episode, I speak with Tassos Papacostas (King's College London) about Cyprus during the Middle Byzantine Period. We touch upon the political and economic changes that characterize the period in addition to the population movement from urban centers to rural ones (focusing on the 10th century settlement of the Troodos region in particular). What precipitated the rise in villages and monasteries that dot the landscape? How did they fare as we transitioned into the Frankish period? We also discuss the architectural markers that are unique to the Painted Churches in the Troodos and how they contrast with typical church architecture on the coastal centers.

Primary Source XXVII: St. Neophytos the Recluse

Wed, 15 May 2024 01:33:00 -0400

St. Neophytos the Recluse (Άγιος Νεόφυτος ο Έγκλειστος ca. 1134–1214) was a twelfth century Cypriot hermit and saint whose short chronicle, "On the Calamities Against the Country of Cyprus," provides us with an invaluable look into the Third Crusade and, more specifically, its impact on Cyprus which he considers an unmitigated disaster. He is decidedly critical of both the Byzantine usurper, Isaac Comnenus, who "despoiled the land" and King Richard the Lionheart, from "the wretch...from England, a country beyond Romania,"*** and laments Cyprus' loss to the Latins in 1191. Next month, Tassos Papacostas (King's College London) joins me to discuss Cyprus in the Byzantine period with a particular focus on the settlement of the Troodos Region.

***Romania is not a reference to modern day Romania but rather, the Byzantine Empire. Let us not forget that "Byzantine" is an exonym and a misnomer. "Byzantines" would have called themselves Ῥωμαῖοι (Romans) and their land, Ῥωμανία (Romanland).

26. The Most (In)visible Minority: Black Cypriots with Serap Kanay

Thu, 02 May 2024 04:45:00 -0400

The roots of the Black Cypriot community can be traced back to different historical periods. Cyprus, being under various foreign dominations, witnessed the movement of people from Africa, particularly through trade routes and often forced migrations. The archaeological record can certainly attest to a Black presence as far back as the Archaic Period (for more on this see "Blacks in Ancient Cypriot Art" by Vassos Karageorghis). However, most Black Cypriots today can trace their origins to the Ottoman Period which has left an indelible mark on their identity. With me this month to discuss the Black experience in Cyprus is published author and freelance artist, Serap Kanay.

Primary Source XXVI: An excerpt from The Ottoman Judicial Register

Mon, 15 Apr 2024 11:59:00 -0400

According to late Ottoman historian, Ronald C. Jennings, little is known “about the places of origins of Black slaves or free blacks in Ottoman Cyprus except that their presence can be documented by the 1590s in the judicial registers from Nicosia” -- as can be heard in this excerpt. Though a very short Primary Source, it is revealing. As was common practice, they assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community, adopting Turkish names, embracing Islam and integrating themselves into the community. Next month I interview Serap Kanay who speaks about Cyprus' historic Black Cypriot community, its place and its enduring presence. Here is the text in full:

“Raziye ibn Murid of Lefkosa made a claim against a black man named Rukan ibn Adbullah. Rukan has taken possession of 25 olive trees. Raziye has no proof of his claim. Rukan claims to have bought them from Sumbul Aga 8 years prior. Rukan is invited to take an oath which he does.

The Lefkosa judicial register, 17th century."

25. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed with Eric Cline

Tue, 02 Apr 2024 01:01:00 -0400

My guest this month is renowned archaeologist, Eric Cline. You might be familiar with Dr. Cline from his seminal work, "1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed," which was shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize in 2014, in addition to "Three Stones Make a Wall" and "Digging up Armageddon." Eric, in collaboration with renowned illustrator, Glynnis Fawkes*, is releasing 1177 BC as a graphic novel this month to coincide with its 10 year anniversary since its initial release, along with a much anticipated sequel to 1177 called, "After 1177BC: The Survival of Civilizations."** Today, Eric is discussing both 1177 and its sequel -- and Cyprus' pivotal role during the Bronze and Iron ages!

* In case you missed my interview with Glynnis, check out Primary Source XXV: 1177 BC: An Interview with Glynnis Fawkes, published on March 15th, 2024.
** You can purchase the Graphic Novel, 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed" from major bookstores or order it from amazon.com by clicking here! And "After 1177 B.C.: The Survival of Civilizations" here!

SPECIAL! 1177 BC: An Interview with Glynnis Fawkes

Fri, 15 Mar 2024 00:22:20 -0400

This month's primary source is bit different! Glynnis Fawkes, a highly acclaimed cartoonist and illustrator, has made significant contributions to the field of archaeology by illustrating numerous excavations in the Eastern Mediterranean (and in Cyprus) since 1998. Some of her work is featured in the book, "Cartoons of Cyprus" -- with a wonderful forward from celebrated archaeologist, Vassos Karageorghis.

In addition to her archaeological work, Glynnis has authored several graphic novels and has lent her artistic talents to various books such as "Kinyras the Divine Lyre," "Persephone's Garden" and "the Homeric Hymns." For this Special Episode, Glynnis and I discuss her time in Cyprus as a Fulbright Scholar, her role as an educator, and the publication of the graphic novel edition of Dr. Eric Cline's seminal work, "1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed,*" next month! (in which Cyprus makes a prominent appearance!)

*1177BC can be purchased from major bookstores (e.g., Barnes & Noble in the U.S. or Indigo/Chapters in Canada) or you can order it from amazon.com by clicking here!

ZENO OF CITIUM NOW ON PATREON! Follow Where Reason Leads: Zeno of Citium with Andrew Erskine

Sun, 10 Mar 2024 17:11:00 -0400

For all Patreon members, you can access my interview on Zeno of Citium with Professor Andrew Erskine (University of Edinburgh) now on Patreon. For as little as $1 a month, your contributions help fund the History of Cyprus Podcast and keep it ad free. Please consider supporting the History of Cyprus Podcast and help build this digital repository of Cypriot history!

The History of Cyprus Podcast | Patreon

In this episode, Professor Andrew Erskine (University of Edinburgh) delves into the life and legacy of Zeno of Citium, the ancient philosopher whose teachings laid the foundation for the Stoic school of thought. Born in Citium (Kition) Cyprus, Zeno's journey from humble beginnings to philosophical prominence is a testament to the power of resilience and intellectual curiosity. Shipwrecked in Athens, he established his own philosophical school in the Stoa where his students became known as "Stoics." Stoicism had many famous adherents, including of course, Emperor Marcus Aurelius. But Andrew shares with us a lesser known Stoic, Persaeus of Citium, a favourite student of Zeno's, who becomes an influential member in the Macedonian Court. So who was Zeno? What were the tenets of Stoicism? And what impact did Zeno's thought have on the Greco-Roman world? Join us as we explore Zeno's upbringing in Cyprus, his philosophical influences, and the enduring impact of Stoicism on modern thought.

24. King Kinyras and the Cypria: Cyprus in the Homeric World with John Franklin

Sat, 02 Mar 2024 08:58:00 -0500

*My apologies; I had a broken microphone on the day of the recording. But thankfully John's audio quality is perfect!

The Epic Cycle, also known as the Trojan Cycle, refers to a collection of ancient Greek epic poems that were composed between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. It is a series of narratives that revolve around the events related to the Trojan War and its aftermath. Certainly most are familiar with The Iliad and the Odyssey. But there are other poems that exist today only in fragments or as references in other works including, of course, "The Cypria," which describes the origins of the Trojan War (e.g., the Judgment of Paris) and the events leading up to it.* But why is it called "The Cypria?" And then, of course, there is the King of Cyprus, Kinyras, mentioned in the Iliad. Who was he and where does he fit in this Homeric world? Join me as we discuss The Cypria and the mythical King of Cyprus, Kinyras** with John Franklin, from the University of Vermont. If you're interested in reading up on some of the existing fragments of the Cypria, check out this website. ------------------------------------------------------------------

*For a full background to the Epic Cycle, refer to February 15th's Primary Source episode description

**According to Apollodorus in The Library:
"This Cinyras in Cyprus, whither he had come with some people, founded Paphos; and having there married Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, he begat Oxyporus and Adonis, and besides them daughters, Orsedice, Laogore, and Braesia. These by reason of the wrath of Aphrodite cohabited with foreigners, and ended their life in Egypt. And Adonis, while still a boy, was wounded and killed in hunting by a boar through the anger of Artemis."

You can read more on Kinyras here:

Primary Source XXIV: The Hosting of the Achaeans

Thu, 15 Feb 2024 02:03:00 -0500

Bear with me. This is a long (but important!) episode description.

Cyprus is mentioned only once in The Iliad. Kinyras, The King of Cyprus, gifts Agamemnon a breastplate as he prepares for war against Troy:

"First [Agamemnon] strapped the splendid greaves around his shins, fitted with silver bindings around his ankles; Next he girt about his chest a breastplate, which in time before, Kinyras gave him to be a guest friend, for the great rumor had been heard in Cyprus that the Achaeans were about to sail out in their ships to Troy; for this reason Kinyras gave it to him, seeking favor with the king."
-The Iliad 11:15-21

However, Cyprus is more intertwined in the Homeric Epics than that sole reference would seem to suggest. According to the ancient scholar and historian, Apollodorus, Kinyras was a legendary King of Cyprus and Priest of Aphrodite who was known for his beauty and musical skill. Apollodorus describes Kinyras as the father of several notable figures in Greek mythology, including the handsome Adonis.

In his most famous work, The Library and Epitome (Bibliotheca), Apollodorus informs the reader that in the prelude to the Trojan War, Menelaus and Odysseus visited Kinyras to solicit him for ships to send to Troy. However, the King of Cyprus, being the Priest of Aphrodite, deceived them. Though he promised to send 50 ships, Kinyras provided only one for Agamemnon's cause -- and the rest were made of clay:

"Menelaus went with Odysseus and Talthybius to Kinyras in Cyprus and tried to persuade him to join the battle. But he [Kinyras] made a gift of a breastplate for Agamemnon, who was not present; and vowing to send fifty ships, he sent one, which [name lost] the son of Mygdalion commanded. And molding the rest out of clay, he launched them into the sea."
-Apollodorus 3.9

Kinyras technically fulfilled his obligation but drew the ire of Agamemnon. In later fragments and references, we learn that Agamemnon had, in fact, cursed the King of Cyprus, and drove him from his lands with his Achaean fleet (which some have said corresponds to the so-called Mycenaean Colonization that took place after the Trojan War). Kinyras would ultimately find refuge in Amathus -- the last "indigenous" city on Cyprus.*

And then there is The Cypria -- one of the lost Epics that make up the Trojan Cycle.** It is possible that Apollodorus' story is referenced in its fragments but unfortunately, we know very little about The Cypria. The poem is thought to have covered the events leading up to the Trojan War, including the infamous Judgment of Paris and the Rape of Helen. It is believed to have been authored not by Homer, but by one Stasinus...of Cyprus.

Next month I welcome John Franklin from University of Vermont to discuss the very Cypriot connections to this important lost Trojan Tale!
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* For more on Amathus' "indigeneity," see episode 2, "The Linguistic History of Cyprus with Pippa Steele" and "Amathus with Thierry Petit" on Patreon!
** The Trojan Cycle (often referred to as the Epic Cycle) was a collection of the epic poems related to the Trojan War. Most readers are familiar with The Iliad and the Odyssey simply because they are the only works to have survived. Unlike the Homeric epics, these other poems exist only in fragmented pieces and summaries. There are, in fact, six other poems that made up the Epic Cycle. The order is as follows: The Cypria, The Iliad, Aethiopis, Little Iliad, Iliou Persis, Nostoi, the Odyssey and the Telegony.

23. A Fiddler's Fervor: The History of the Cypriot Fiddler with Nicoletta Demetriou

Fri, 02 Feb 2024 01:32:00 -0500

When we think of traditional Cypriot music, typically we picture the fiddle -- ubiquitous to both Greek & Turkish communities in Cyprus. But just what is "traditional" Cypriot music? And who exactly was the Cypriot Fiddler? My guest this month is ethnomusicologist, Dr. Nicoletta Demetriou, whose work and book, The Cypriot Fiddler, frames the bulk of this episode.

More information on the Cypriot Fiddler can be found here including a NEW online resource called Cyprus Music Archive.

https://cyprusmusicarchive.elementor.cloud/ (Greek)**
https://cyprusmusicarchive.elementor.cloud/en/home_en/ (English)**
https://www.youtube.com/@TheCypriotFiddler
https://www.facebook.com/TheCypriotFiddler/
https://www.instagram.com/thecypriotfiddler/

**Nicoletta Demetriou's new site will be moving over from elementor.cloud to cyprusmusicarchive.cy in the coming weeks/months so keep an eye out for that!

Primary Source XXIII: An excerpt from Magda Ohnefalsch-Richter on Cypriot Music (1913)

Mon, 15 Jan 2024 02:11:00 -0500

Magda Ohnefalsch-Richter was an ethnographer who lived in Cyprus in the latter part of the 19th century. Her published work provides us an invaluable insight into the customs and mores of Cypriots in the period. In this excerpt, Ohnefalsch-Richter notes the different instruments used in Greek and Turkish communities. However, we can't quite speak of "Greek" and "Turkish" music -- as only the instruments were/are different. If you're familiar with Cypriot music, you'll notice the Cypriot Zeimbekiko/Zeybegi played by both Greek and Turkish communities. Next month my guest is ethnomusicologist, Dr. Nicoletta Demetriou, who shares with us more information on the history of the 20th century Cypriot Fiddler!

UPDATE: Let's keep the project going together!

Wed, 10 Jan 2024 02:09:00 -0500

A huge thank you to everyone for your unwavering support to The History of Cyprus Podcast. If you're looking for something to tide you over until the next episode, you can find my interview with Thierry Petit, the Director of Excavations at Amathus, on Patreon . The episode is available to all members, regardless of the tier, and for as little as $1 your donations will make a world of difference. Great episodes are planned including ones on Kourion & Earthquakes, Alexander the Great and Cyprus and even...Commandaria! If you're able to, join The History of Cyprus Podcast and help keep the project alive! https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast

22. The Kyprogenes: Aphrodite with Stephanie Budin

Tue, 02 Jan 2024 01:09:00 -0500

Aphrodite is associated with love, beauty and, I learn -- quite erroneously -- with fertility. Often through this sanitized lens, we lose sight of who Aphrodite was: the Goddess of Sex. But who was she? What are her origins? How was she understood in antiquity? And, perhaps more importantly, why is she so intimately associated with Cyprus? Join me as I interview historian and prolific author, Dr. Stephanie Budin, as we discuss "The Kyprogenes."

Primary Source XXII: A reading from Hesiod’s The Theogony

Fri, 15 Dec 2023 03:47:00 -0500

Cyprus has been intimately associated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite for centuries. According to Hesiod, in a calculated act of violence, she was born from the severed genitals of Ouranos near the coast of Cyprus. It is one of the earliest surviving works of Greek literature and is considered a foundational text of Greek mythology.

But who exactly was Aphrodite that is so associated with Cyprus? Next month, my guest is prolific author and historian, Stephanie Budin, who discusses the origins of "The Goddess," of Aphrodite, our "Kyprogenes."

21. Tα Kυπριακά: The Cypriot Greek Dialect with Stavroula Varella

Sat, 02 Dec 2023 06:42:00 -0500

Stavroula Varella (King's College London) joins me this month to discuss the origins of the modern Cypriot Greek dialect. We explore the meaning and origins of a myriad of words (e.g., ίντα, θωρώ, έσσω, ηὗρεν and έννε...) and their possible roots. We touch on all the parent languages that inform the Cypriot vernacular including French, Italian, Turkish & English and not only identify potential etymologies (which, I learn, is notoriously difficult) but also their mode and places of transmission. You won't want to miss this!

Primary Source XXI: The Cypriot Greek Dialect: An excerpt from Leontios Machairas

Wed, 15 Nov 2023 00:02:00 -0500

Listen closely. You'll hear snippets of the Cypriot Greek dialect in this excerpt from the Chronicles of Leontios Machairas as he describes a particularly compelling event during Genoese invasion of Nicosia in the 14th century. But this excerpt was chosen not for the story per se. Rather, it was chosen for its rich Cypriot vernacular.

Word use, such as θωρώ (i.e., to see) heard in this excerpt, have their roots in antiquity (see: θεωρῶ) and were preserved from the Koine into medieval Greek. Many are commonly used today in Cypriot vernacular. Other noticeable words in this recording, such as έσσω (home) and ηὗρεν (found), should be familiar to the modern ear. The Chronicles of Leontios Machairas is one of our earliest sources that both documents the historical developments in medieval Cyprus and provides us the distinct beginnings of the modern Cypriot dialect (though not the first. That would be the medieval law code, The Assizes). There are, however, roots that may go further back into antiquity. Next month, I invite Stavroula Varella (King's College London) author of the fantastic book "Language Contact and the Lexicon in the History of Cypriot Greek" to discuss the origins and evolution of the Cypriot Greek dialect!

...and if you've enjoyed this particular Primary Source, please consider becoming a Patreon member! https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast For as little as $1 a month, your financial support helps keep the podcast ad-free, offsets the costs of hosting the podcast and funds future primary source recordings like the one you just enjoyed. All members, regardless of which tier they subscribe to, can have access to this month's primary source recording entirely in its Medieval Greek, allowing you to get a better sense of the nuances of the Cypriot dialect in full! And if you become a third tier member, you can have early access to upcoming episodes. Thank you for your support in helping make The History of Cyprus accessible to all!

20. The Dragoman: The Ottoman Period with Antonis Hadjikyriacou Part 2

Thu, 02 Nov 2023 09:39:00 -0400

A dragoman was an interpreter and guide who facilitated communication between individuals or groups who spoke different languages, particularly in the context of diplomatic, commercial, or cultural exchanges. During the Ottoman Empire, the position of dragoman was highly respected and influential. For Part 2 of my interview with Antonis Hadjikyriacou, we discuss the impact of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios in 19th century Cyprus.

***Apologies for the audio quality on my end. My external microphone refused to connect prior to the recording.

Primary Source XX: Cabi Omer Efendi and the Execution of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios 1809

Sun, 15 Oct 2023 00:01:00 -0400

Cabi Omer Efendi was an Ottoman statesman and military commander who lived from 1750 to 1814. He served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire three times, and was known for his military successes, administrative skills, and political influence. For this month's primary source, he provides a direct account of the execution of Dragoman Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios in 1809 and as a springboard for Part 2 of my interview with Professor of Ottoman and Turkish Studies, Antonis Hadjiantoniou. The text in full:

"The dragoman of Cyprus caused sedition and discord by performing a great deal of villainy to the Muslim worshippers. He escaped from Cyprus, and when he arrived at Istanbul he was then arrested and executed in front of the Sublime Gate. His corpse was put upside-down in the basket of a broom-seller, carried around, and left outside the gate of the fish market. He thus became a warning to others. He was going to escape to Russia by converting his property and cash to bills of exchange. His house in Beşiktaş was given to the Chief tax inspector. It was rumored that all his property and cash totaled 5,500,000 kurush."

-Cabi Omer Efendi 1809

19. Osmanlı Kıbrısı: The Ottoman Period with Antonis Hadjikyriacou Part 1

Mon, 02 Oct 2023 00:05:00 -0400

The Ottoman Period in Cyprus, which lasted from 1571 to 1878, was a significant era in the island's history as it had a lasting impact on its culture, society, and economy. During this period, the Ottoman Empire brought Islam to the island and established a system of local administration through appointed governors and officials. This resulted in a diverse population with a mix of Greek Orthodox Christians and Turkish Muslims. The Ottomans also left their mark on the island's architecture, art, and cuisine. The Ottoman Period also saw significant economic development, with the introduction of new crops such as tobacco and the establishment of trade links with other parts of the Ottoman Empire. This is part one of two part interview with Panteion & Stanford University Professor of Ottoman and Turkish Studies, Antonis Hadjikyriacou.

***Apologies for the audio quality on my end. My external microphone refused to connect prior to the recording.

Primary Source XIX: Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmet Pasha 1571

Fri, 15 Sep 2023 01:42:00 -0400

Sokullu Mehmed Pasha was a prominent Ottoman statesman who served as the grand vizier (chief minister) of the Ottoman Empire for over a decade during the 16th century, under the reigns of Suleiman the Magnificent and Selim II. In this excerpt, he addresses the Venetian Ambassador, acknowledging their recent defeat at the Battle of Lepanto but reminding them that they now have Cyprus in their hands. Next month we have a two part interview with Professor of Ottoman and Turkish History, Antonis Hadjikyriacou. Here is the text in full:

"I am sensible, Ambassador. You have desired this audience with no other intention than to show the pretentiousness natural to your countrymen. I advise you as a friend, to lay aside those vain airs and consider that though you have indeed shaved us pretty close in Lepanto, we have shaved off your arms. And as the beard, when shaved, grows bigger than before, so our fleet, unless our woods fails us, will in a short space become larger and more numerous, whilst you can’t so much as think of recovering your arms -- for so I call the spacious and famous kingdom of Cyprus."

- Grand Vezier Sokullu Mehmet Pasha addressing the Venetian Ambassador, 1571

18. Felis Cypria: Cat Domestication in Prehistoric Cyprus? with Jean-Denis Vigne

Sat, 02 Sep 2023 00:10:00 -0400

My guest this month is Dr. Jean-Denis Vigne, Emeritus Director of Research from the Natural History Museum in Paris. In this episode, we discuss the oldest farming village in a Mediterranean island (i.e., Klimonas) in addition to the significance of the Chirokitia Culture to the Neolithic Period and, of course, the earliest possible evidence of felid (cat) domestication: his finds in Shillourokambos that transformed our understanding of the period.

Primary Source XVIII: Friar Francesco Suriano’s Observations on the Cats of Cyprus 1484

Tue, 15 Aug 2023 00:14:00 -0400

If you have ever visited Cyprus, you would have certainly noticed the abundance of cats on the island. On his way to Jaffa in 1484, the Venetian Friar, Francesco Suriano, noticed the same thing. His observations on the number of cats on the island is a perfect springboard in introducing my next month's guest: Dr. Jean-Denis Vigne, esteemed paleozoologist and Emeritus Director of Research at the Natural History Museum in Paris. His digs in Cyprus have changed our understanding of prehistory on the island and it is his work at Shillourokambos that revealed the earliest evidence of tamed cats. Please join me next month as I interview Dr. Vigne and discuss Cyprus and the first cats!

Don't forget to follow the History of Cyprus Podcast on Instagram and support the Channel through Patreon!

17. Venexia e l’ixola de Zipro: Venetian Cyprus with Benjamin Arbel

Wed, 02 Aug 2023 01:01:00 -0400

The Venetian period in Cyprus has been characterized as one of decline and decay. But was it? In this month's episode, Benjamin Arbel (Professor Emeritus Tel Aviv University) and leading historian on Venetian Cyprus challenges the "Black Legend" and discusses the social, economic and political impact of La Serenissima on the island of Cyprus.

Primary Source XVII: George Boustronios and the Last Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:39:00 -0400

George Boustronios, in his Narrative of the Chronicle of Cyprus 1456–1489, documents the transition from the Lusignan dynasty to Venice. In this month's excerpt, you'll hear a dramatized reading of last Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, as she abdicates her throne, bequeathing Cyprus to the Republic of Venice, and departing Cyprus forever. Next month I invite Benjamin Arbel (University of Tel Aviv) to discuss Cyprus under Venetian rule.

16. Eύώδεα Κύπρον: Perfumery Production in Ancient Cyprus with Maria Rosaria Belgiorno

Sun, 02 Jul 2023 00:04:00 -0400

There are seven olfactory families to categorize fragrances. Yet of the seven, only one is named for a place: Chypre. It's no surprise, then, that Cyprus' importance in perfumery has been known throughout antiquity. Maria Rosaria Belgiorno (Senior Associate Researcher of the Institute for Applied Technology to Cultural Heritage of the Italian National Research Council) has published dozens of articles on the Pyrgos-Mavroraki site in Cyprus, an industrial complex known for its metallurgical, viticultural, and for the purposes of this month's episode, its perfumery production. Her experimental work in recreating the techniques, scents and processes involved in ancient perfumery have been integral in our understanding of Cyprus' role in the production of perfume and its role in ancient life. Cyprus is, after all, Eὐώδεα Κύπρον (Fragrant Cyprus).

Primary Source XVI: Hymn to Aphrodite

Thu, 15 Jun 2023 02:35:00 -0400

The Homeric Hymns -- named for their "Homeric" style -- are a collection of anonymously authored hymns dedicated to the major gods and goddesses in the Hellenic Pantheon. This particular excerpt, from the Hymn to Aphrodite, was chosen as this month's Primary Source to emphasize Aphrodite's and Cyprus' connection to "sweet-smelling temples" "heavenly oils," and "fragrant altars." For my next episode, I invite archaeologist Maria-Rosaria Belgiorno (ITABC-CNR) to discuss Cyprus' integral role in perfumery from the Bronze Age to the present and the archaeological finds at Pyrgos in Limassol.

15. Le Coeur de Lion: King Richard’s Conquest of Cyprus with Angel Nicolaou-Konnari

Fri, 02 Jun 2023 00:05:00 -0400

In 1191, during the Third Crusade, King Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, led his army to capture the island of Cyprus. The island was controlled by an illegitimate, self-styled emperor, Isaac Komnenos (Comnenus). Richard would rout Isaac's forces and, as legends have it, bind him in silver chains. The island remained under English rule until Richard sold it to the Knights Templar in 1192. Richard's conquest of Cyprus provided a valuable base for his military operations in the Eastern Mediterranean and allowed him to resupply his troops and ships. But what exactly transpired? What were Richard's motivations? And who was this usurper, Isaac Komnenos? Today, I welcome Dr. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari from the University of Cyprus to discuss King Richard the Lionheart's Conquest of Cyprus.

Primary Source XV: King Richard’s Letter on the Conquest of Cyprus 1191

Mon, 15 May 2023 00:23:00 -0400

In this primary source, King Richard of England (The Lionheart) addresses his judiciary, providing us a firsthand account of the events leading up to the capture of the Cyprus and sheds light on the political and military strategies employed by King Richard. This is a valuable source as it is one of only two letters that come from King Richard himself. Contrary to popular belief, Richard -- although King of England -- would have spoken French as his first language (hence the voice-over). This recording is a springboard to next month's interview with Dr. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari (University of Cyprus) as we discuss King Richard's Conquest of Cyprus in 1191.

UPDATE: How you can support The History of Cyprus Podcast...!

Wed, 10 May 2023 17:03:00 -0400

Thank you for listening to the History of Cyprus Podcast. I'm incredibly grateful for your support, and I'm thrilled to have you as a listener. Creating this podcast is a labor of love. It's not monetized -- and I'd like to keep it that way, ad free and accessible to all. With that said, it also comes with real costs -- from hosting fees to equipment, research materials, producing the Primary Sources and editing expenses. If you enjoy the podcast and want to help continue to produce new episodes, I kindly ask that you consider supporting The History of Cyprus Podcast through Patreon. Your financial support will allow me to continue bringing you fascinating stories and insights into the rich history of Cyprus and offset the costs involved in producing the episodes. Thank you again for your support -- I couldn't do it without you! https://www.patreon.com/TheHistoryofCyprusPodcast

14. The Copper Island: Copper Production in Ancient Cyprus with Lina Kassianidou

Tue, 02 May 2023 00:02:00 -0400

For thousands of years, Cyprus exploited its richest resource: copper. The copper trade was, after all, synonymous with Cyprus and integral for its wealth. While the importance of copper is known, certain questions remain: how did ancient Cypriots source copper? What processes were involved in its extraction? What were the risks and dangers involved with mining? How was copper refined and exactly how much was produced? Archaeologist Lina Kassianidou (University of Cyprus) joins us to answer these questions and more in this month's episode.

Primary Source XIV: Aristotle on Cyprus’ Natural Resources

Sat, 15 Apr 2023 00:02:00 -0400

Although many of Aristotle's observations on Cyprus' natural resources have proven to be false or misleading, this excerpt certainly speaks to Cyprus' perceived wealth in natural resources -- renowned for centuries. Next month, my guest is Lina Kassianidou (University of Cyprus) who shares with us the history of Copper Production on Cyprus and how it was sourced, extracted and refined in antiquity. If you haven't had a chance yet, you can also check out "Primary Source VII: The Hand of Nergal" for another look at the Copper Trade in the period.

13. Grilling the Past: Halloumi & Ethnoarchaeology with Rafael Laoutari

Sun, 02 Apr 2023 00:01:00 -0400

Rafael Laoutari (Cambridge University) shares a lesser known aspect of archaeology, namely, that of ethnoarchaeology, using it as a lens to explore cheese-making in antiquity. We discuss cheese-making on Cyprus in the archaeological record and the earliest literary references to Halloumi that we know of. By studying how Halloumi is produced in rural settings and recreating its traditional methods, Rafael gives us insight into our past and helps us better understand the act of dairying culture in Cyprus and beyond.

Primary Source XIII: Richard Pococke & Cypriot Cheese 1738

Wed, 15 Mar 2023 00:08:25 -0400

Richard Pococke (18th century) was an avid traveler providing us with one of the earliest literary allusions to Halloumi. Though not the first reference (that honour may go to the Doge of Venice, Leonardo Dona, who lived in Cyprus for a period during the Venetian era), it does show that Halloumi was well known throughout the Levant. Next month, I invite Rafael Laoutari (Cambridge University) to discuss Halloumi as a lens in which to explore cheese-making in antiquity, and specifically, in Cyprus.

12. Travelling Artists in Cyprus: 1700-1960 with Rita Severis

Thu, 02 Mar 2023 17:01:00 -0500

The canvas isn't simply a medium that the artist uses to capture an image. The paintbrush can be loaded with preconceived notions, biases and agendas. What is more, it can be revealing in ways never considered and provide a unique lens into the past. Rita Severis (the Co-Founder of the Costas & Rita Severis Foundation and Honorary Consul of Canada) is this month's guest. And for this month's episode, Rita shares with the History of Cyprus Podcast, a new lens in which to explore Cypriot history: that of the travelling artist. To borrow from her book jacket, her research "examines these works through the prism of the political, historical and social context, spanning three centuries...and throws light on the changes from the Ottoman/Oriental to the British/Occidental in the portrayal of both domestic and public scenes." Please visit the CVAR website to learn more about the cultural history of Cyprus: https://cvar.severis.org/en/ The heart of the Foundation, the Centre of Visual Arts & Research, which houses thousands of books, works of art, textiles and memorabilia, is a "non-profit organisation for the promotion of Cypriot culture, reconciliation and peaceful coexistence."

Primary Source XII: From the Diary of Esmé Scott-Stevenson 1880

Wed, 15 Feb 2023 19:01:00 -0500

Esmé Scott-Stevenson, wife of the Commissioner of Kyrenia, authored several books documenting her travels across the Mediterranean. She traveled throughout Cyprus with a number of dignitaries and, in 1880, she published "Our Home in Cyprus," observing Cypriot customs in 19th century Cyprus. Her work offers us a springboard into this month's episode, "Travelling Artists in Cyprus 1700-1960," with Rita Severis, the co-founder and Executive Director of the "Centre of Visual Arts and Research" (CVAR) in Cyprus.

11. Between Constantinople & the Caliphate: Cyprus in Late Antiquity with Luca Zavagno

Thu, 02 Feb 2023 19:10:00 -0500

Luca Zavagno's (Bilkent University) work, "Cyprus Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages" frames the bulk of this month's episode. Traditional narratives suggest that the late Roman Period (i.e., Byzantium) for Cyprus was a period of physical dislocation, social disruption and economic turmoil precipitated by the infamous 7th century Arab Raids. But Zavagno, using archaeological evidence and material culture, redresses the impact of the Arab Raids on Cyprus and explores how Cypriots navigated between Constantinople and the Caliphate showing this to be a period of both continuities and change.

Primary Source XI: al-Baladhuri and the Arab Invasions of Cyprus

Sun, 15 Jan 2023 15:10:00 -0500

Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī was a 9th century Arab (or possibly Persian) historian whose work, "Futūh al-Buldān" (Conquest of Lands) provides us a valuable non-Roman/Byzantine perspective on the Arab invasions of Cyprus. You'll hear al-Baladhuri reference Cyprus' infamous "condominium" where the island's tax revenues were split between the Caliphate and Constantinople until Cyprus was reintegrated into the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) in the 10th century. Next month, I invite Professor Luca Zavagno from Bilkent University to discuss Cyprus in late antiquity.

10. Cythereia Cypros: Roman Cyprus with Ersin Hussein

Mon, 02 Jan 2023 18:10:00 -0500

For this month's episode I welcome Dr. Ersin Hussein (Swansea University in Wales) to discuss Cyprus' political and social history as a Roman province. Ironically, although Romans were sticklers for record-keeping, the textual evidence on Cyprus is surprisingly scarce. Using epigraphic (e.g., monuments, inscriptions), coins and textual evidence, Ersin pieces together a better understanding of Cypriot identity in Roman Cyprus and sets out to recover those marginalized voices in antiquity. Instead of "disappearing" in the Roman Empire, Ersin discusses how Cypriots maintained a surprising level of agency and identity (even forming the famous "Koinon Kyprion" in this period) and leveraging their collectivity to exert influence in Rome.

Primary Source X: Ammianus Marcellinus and the Voraciousness of Rome

Thu, 15 Dec 2022 02:17:10 -0500

Ammianus Marcellinus was a Roman soldier and an historian from the late Roman Period whose historical works, Res Gestae, provides us a brief glimpse into Rome's policy towards Cyprus. He describes Roman policy as "voracious" and implies opportunism as Rome sought to replenish its depleted coffers by seizing Cyprus and draining it of its treasury. Of course, the situation is significantly more complex. That's why next month, Ersin Hussein, from Swansea University, joins us to describe Cyprus in the Roman Period!

9. Rule Britannia: Cyprus in the British Empire with Andrekos Varnava

Fri, 02 Dec 2022 01:01:00 -0500

Held in secret in 1878, the Cyprus Convention negotiated the administrative handover of Cyprus from the Ottoman Empire to the British. It was certainly an opportunity to strengthen British presence in the Eastern Mediterranean. Lulled by romanticized images of what Cyprus was thought to be, they found a very different reality. Some, in fact, would call its first years on the island an unmitigated disaster. Troops were ill-prepared for the island's oppressive heat, swarms of mosquitoes that infested swamps and deadly bouts of malaria. Roads were virtually non-existent and there was hardly a functional port. How were the British received? And how did they cope with the island's challenges? This month's episode, we're joined by Professor Andrekos Varnava from Flinders University who sheds some light onto Cyprus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Primary Source IX: Archbishop Sophronios Speech 1878

Tue, 15 Nov 2022 15:01:00 -0500

In 1878, Cyprus Archbishop Sophronios III delivered a speech celebrating Cyprus' new status as a protectorate of Great Britain. The speech would've been delivered to Sir Garnet Wolseley, the island's first appointed High Commissioner, in French, and presumably in front of a large crowd. Sophronios held high hopes for Cyprus' future as a British Protectorate. He espoused British ideals of equality and justice for the benefit of both Christian and Muslim. Why did the British want Cyprus? What did they find? And how did they acclimate? Next month, Professor Andrekos Varnava, from Flinders University in Australia, discusses Cyprus and the British Empire with the History of Cyprus Podcast.

8. A Cyprocentric Perspective: Cyprus’ History of Research with Maria Iacovou

Wed, 02 Nov 2022 00:01:00 -0400

Cyprus' history has, in many respects, been skewed. Historically speaking, its been beholden to more predominant narratives -- a passive recipient of culture. Yet this thinking is wrong. And we still deal with the reverberations from some of these archaeological fallacies in mainstream literature. Pick up a travel brochure. You'll certainly read that Cyprus was "colonized" by Mycnenaeans -- suggesting that it lay fallow, bereft of culture, until that pivotal moment in history. If not explicit, it is certainly implied. Or that its art has distinct "Assyrian" and Near Eastern influences -- rather than its own unique and innovative styles. Or that it, like the rest of the Near East, ignominiously collapsed during the Crisis Years rather than what it did: continued to thrive and persevere, maintaining complex trade networks, architecture and literacy. Maria Iacovou, from the University of Cyprus, problematizes these all too common narratives and explores the origins of these erroneous assumptions. She challenges us to rethink how we discuss archaeology and invites us to consider Cypriot history with a new lens. Please join me as I discuss Cyprocentricity with Maria Iacovou.

Primary Source VIII: The Sargon Stele

Sat, 15 Oct 2022 02:00:00 -0400

The Sargon Stele 722–705 BCE , also known as the Kition Stele, is the only of its kind discovered in Cyprus, written entirely Akkadian using the cuneiform script. It was erected by King Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire near Kition (modern Larnaca) and describes his conquests and the voluntary submission of the Seven Kings of the Land of Ia (which has been identified as Cyprus) and Iatnana meaning the Islands of the Danaans, i.e., Greece. Likely this act of submission provided the Cypriot kings a trade network and a source of stable markets for the exportation of copper and other trade goods. The stele, found in modern day Larnaca, references its deposition near "Mount Ba'al-harri" (quite possibly Stavrovouni). You'll hear Professor Maria Iacovou reference King Sargon II in my next interview where she discusses the history of archaeology on Cyprus and the importance of the new concept of "Cypro-centricity!" Look out for that on November 2nd!

7. Gripped by the Hand of Nergal: Cyprus in the Bronze Age with Louise Hitchcock

Sun, 02 Oct 2022 00:00:00 -0400

This month, we travel back to the 12th century BCE with Professor Louise Hitchcock (University of Melbourne) where we discuss Cyprus' role in the Bronze Age. Rather than being a passive island, swept up in a sea of empires, Cyprus (Alashiya) was an integral piece in a well-oiled Bronze Age machine. With its vast reserves of copper, Cyprus more than held its own in this period as the Amarna Letters can attest. In fact, its unique decentralized political system had allowed it to weather the infamous Bronze Age collapse. Its systems survived, and in some cases thrived, while other Bronze Age empires crumbled. And while literacy was snuffed out in Mycenaean Greece, Cyprus' own writing systems persisted. Join me for Cyprus in the Bronze Age!

Primary Source VII: EA 35 The Hand of Nergal

Thu, 15 Sep 2022 19:17:00 -0400

This month's primary source dates to circa 1350BCE. It is a Letter from the King of Alashiya (i.e., Cyprus) to the Pharaoh of Egypt. This particular letter, EA 35, has been dubbed, "The Hand of Nergal." The Amarna Letters are a series of correspondences between the Great Powers in the Bronze Age written in Akkadian using the cuneiform script (the diplomatic language of the Bronze Age). In this abridged reading, you'll hear the King of Alashiya call the Pharaoh "brother" a number of times. This "honorific" reflects their equal footing as sovereigns and hints at Cyprus' strength as a regional power. Chillingly, however, you'll hear him refer to the "Hand of Nergal" -- the plague god that has decimated the island and impacted his ability to export copper. Next month's episode, we'll learn about the Amarna Letters, Alashiya and more. Join us we explore the Bronze Age with Louise Hitchcock!

6. Multiculturalism and the Medieval Period: Frankish Cyprus with Nicholas Coureas

Fri, 02 Sep 2022 14:47:00 -0400

In 1191, Richard the Lionheart conquered Cyprus from the illegitimate despot, Isaac Komnenos, setting in motion several hundred years of Western rule and influence. The Medieval Period is, perhaps, one of the richest and conspicuous on the island – after all, the island’s landscape is dotted with castles, medieval fortifications and beautiful cathedrals. And so, to explore these political events and cultural changes, I interview Medieval historian, Professor Nicholas Coureas from the University of Cyprus. We discuss Cyprus’ transition as a province in Byzantium, into a truly independent Medieval State in the eastern Mediterranean that was, surprisingly, quite multicultural and multilingual.

Primary Source VI: A reading from Jacobus de Verona

Mon, 15 Aug 2022 20:48:00 -0400

This month’s primary source is an excerpt from Jacobus de Verona -- an Augustinian monk who visited Cyprus in 1335. Intriguingly, you’ll hear him mention a peculiar drink called “Marea.” Supposedly, this drink was popular enough that it was even exported to the papal court at Avignon in the fourteenth century. However, as with all primary sources, we must be cautious. Travel texts were often lifted from other travelogues. Though Jacobus de Verona highlights the multicultural and multireligious aspects of medieval Cyprus, he often does so uncritically, making a number of mistakes in what he says about non-Latin religious customs. That still shouldn't detract from what he says about the surprising amount of diversity in medieval Cyprus. Next month, we’ll learn more about this often misunderstood period in Cypriot history. Join me as I discuss “Multiculturalism & the Medieval Age: Frankish Cyprus with Nicholas Coureas.”

5. On the Periphery: Cyprus Between the Assyrian & Persian Empires with Christian Körner

Tue, 02 Aug 2022 09:17:00 -0400

Let's start with the end in mind. The end of the fourth century BCE was a tumultuous period in Cypriot history. According to Diodorus Siculus, "Ptolemy...crossed with an army from Egypt into Cyprus against those of the kings who refused to obey him." (Diod Sic 79.4) The ruler of Kition, Pygmalion, was put to death. King Praxippus of Lapethos was arrested. The city of Marion was razed. And King Nicocles of Paphos, seeing the writing on the wall, chose to hang himself. His wife, Axiothea, tragically killed her daughters and then herself before burning the palace down in defiance. Their deaths, among others, brought an end to the Cypriot City-Kingdoms and ushered in the Ptolemaic Age.

However, for centuries, the Cypriot City-Kingdoms (i.e., poleis) thrived on the periphery of Assyrian, and later, Persian rule. Though never truly "independent," Cypriot Kings skillfully wielded their political currency. But just how did they navigate the changing geo-political landscape? Let us be clear: Cyprus, as a whole, was never passive. In fact, these poleis were as dynamic as their rulers. City-Kingdoms forged and severed alliances; willfully provoked and pacified regional powers; and even dared to defy Achaemenid (Persian) will in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this month's episode, Christian Körner, from the University of Bern, discusses "Cyprus Between the Assyrian and Persian Empires."

Primary Source V: A reading from Isocrates’ The Evagoras

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 23:24:00 -0400

Primary sources are invaluable as they give us direct insight into the period in question -- but they also need to be treated with caution. Let's take today's reading for example: Isocrates' The Evagoras is one of our principal sources for the Classical Period in Cyprus. For Isocrates, Evagoras was the model ruler. It depicts the king through the lens of Isocrates’ personal beliefs, which, however, need to be critically analyzed. He is a rhetorician and a sophist. Ostensibly, Isocrates wants there to be unity between Spartans and Athenians -- but under Athenian hegemony. For Isocrates, to truly be a Hellene one must learn to think and live as a Hellene, i.e., possess Athenian education. Athens to Isocrates is, of course, the pinnacle of Greek culture to which a great debt is owed.

Evagoras of Salamis, then, fits the Isocratean mould and we can see what makes his character so appealing to Isocrates. According to Isocrates, Evagoras “inspired respect, not by the frowning of his brow, but by the principles of his life” (Isoc. Evagoras 9.44). Not only is Evagoras philhellenic, he is more specifically phil-Athenian. As king he “observed Greek institutions,” “the liberal arts” and “[Greek] education” (Isoc. Evagoras 9.50). He possessed all the qualities that made him a Philosopher King in his own right but most importantly, in the view of Isocrates, he was a true philhellene.

We must be cautious though; the Evagoras was written as an encomium (a eulogy) and according to Plutarch, was commissioned by his son and heir, Nicocles. Evagoras’ qualities are showed as unparalleled, if not, divinely bestowed -- inherited from his ancestors, endowed by nature and willed by Zeus himself. It presents a romanticized -- and idealized -- philhellenic king. Isocrates tells the reader that, lamentably, in the years preceding Evagoras “the best rulers were those who treated the Greeks in the most cruel fashion” (Isoc. Evagoras 9.49). Yet Evagoras paradoxically campaigned against other philhellenic city-states on Cyprus. We must remember that historically, Cyprus had been fragmented politically into quasi-city kingdoms as each vied for its own independence (even the term "city-kingdoms" can be somewhat problematic). They were hardly driven by nationalistic or patriotic Hellenic sentiment, but by self-preservation. The Evagoras makes no mention of this, nor does it navigate the questionable Persian/Athenian alliance during the Corinthian War. That, of course, would be inconsistent with the story Isocrates weaves. Isocrates is decisively not an historian.

But I’m far from an expert on this time period. That’s why I hope you join me on August 2nd as Professor Christian Körner from the University of Bern discusses "Cyprus Between the Assyrian and Persian Empires." For more frequent updates, follow The History of Cyprus on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thehistoryofcyprus/

4. Magic, Spells & Incantations: The Curse Tablets of Roman Cyprus with Drew Wilburn

Sat, 02 Jul 2022 11:45:00 -0400

I invoke you demons… dead by violence and dead before your time and deprived of burial...you who lie here below, dead before your time and nameless…If you lived in Cyprus 2,000 years ago, you may have been the target of just such a curse. Dr. Drew Wilburn discusses spells, magic and curses in ancient Cyprus and the Amathusian Curse Tablets.

*Apologies, folks. The microphone quality on my end is a bit subpar for this recording. Will try and fix that for future episodes

Primary Source IV: Cypriot Curse Tablet (Roman Period)

Wed, 15 Jun 2022 10:00:00 -0400

This (creepy) rendition uses a bit of dramatic license to reimagine the writing of the 2nd/3rd century CE curse tablet. With that being said, it is a Primary Source, so you're hearing the exact wording from one of the Cypriot curse tablets excavated from Amathus, Cyprus!

Our reader invokes the Furies and all the underworld chthonic deities to muzzle its intended target. You'll hear some unintelligible mutterings as well. These were written to be "magical invocations" that had no discernable meaning. If you haven't had a chance to listen to my interview with Drew Wilburn, check it out!

3. Early Medicine in Cyprus with Demetrios Michaelides

Thu, 02 Jun 2022 02:02:00 -0400

Cypriot doctors were renowned in antiquity – including Apollonios of Kition and Zeno the Cypriot (not to be confused with the philosopher!) They treated patients, produced treatises and even founded their own schools. The polymath Galen even visited Cyprus to collect a number of medicinal items such as misy, chalcanthos, cistus and even copper to aid in the treatment of a variety of ailments. With me today is Professor Emeritus, Demetrios Michaelides, who shares his knowledge of ancient medicine and its function in Cyprus.

Primary Source III: Galen’s visit to Cyprus

Sun, 15 May 2022 11:58:00 -0400

Galen (AD 129-216) was a prominent Greek physician and philosopher who lived during the Roman Empire who was known to have visited Cyprus. During his visit, Galen conducted medical research and treated patients, and he also wrote about the plants and natural resources of the island. In particular, he was interested in the medicinal properties of the local herbs and plants as he conducted experiments and observations to study their effects on the human body. Next month I chat with Professor Emeritus (University of Cyprus) Demetrios Michaelides on Medicine in Ancient Cyprus.

2. 𐠊𐠒𐠫𐠥𐠨𐠮: The Linguistic History of Cyprus with Pippa Steele

Mon, 02 May 2022 11:46:00 -0400

𐠊𐠒𐠫𐠥𐠨𐠮

Make sure you read that from right to left. Cypriot Syllabary preceded the Greek alphabet by several centuries but it certainly wasn’t the only script (or language) in use in Cyprus at the time. My guest today is Dr. Pippa Steele, Senior Research Associate at the Faculty of Classics from the University of Cambridge where we will be discussing Cyprus’ first recorded languages and their scripts.

Check out Charles "Pico" Rickleton's work on Speculative Syllabic. He uses his visual communication background to reimagine Cypriot Syllabary in the 21st century.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRL_OLgisNg&t=5s

Primary Source II: A reading from Pseudo Scylax

Fri, 15 Apr 2022 11:52:00 -0400

Scylax (or Pseudo-Skylax) was a Greek geographer who lived during the fourth century BCE. He is known for writing a work called ""Periplus", which is a description of the coastlines and ports of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Red Sea. His exact identity is not known, but it is believed "Scylax" was used as a pseudonym to give the work more authority. Although not much has been said in antiquity about the languages spoken in Cyprus, Scylax's observations on the different settlements in Cyprus (i.e., some being Greek and others "barbarian") implicitly reveal the linguistic diversity of the island. Next month I chat with Pippa Steel (University of Cambridge) on The Linguistic History of Cyprus in antiquity.

1. The Cliffs of the Eagles: Prehistoric Cyprus with Alan Simmons

Sat, 02 Apr 2022 11:43:00 -0400

Pygmy elephants and dwarf hippos, oh my! Professor Emeritus, Alan Simmons, from the University of Nevada, shares with us his experiences excavating at Akrotiri-Aetokremnos where we have the evidence of the Cyprus' earliest occupants.

Primary Source I: A reading from Cornelius van Bruyn

Tue, 15 Mar 2022 09:19:00 -0400

Cornelius van Bruyn was a Dutch traveller who visited many countries throughout his life, including Cyprus in the 17th century. In this excerpt, we hear van Bruyn mention "bones of men and animals incorporated in the rock" (i.e., fossils). "Some," he says "were human bones, others those of beasts and some teeth of surprising size." It's quite probable that van Bruyn is describing the bones of pygmy hippos and pygmy elephants. A perfect springboard into my first episode with Professor Emeritus Alan Simmons (University of Nevada) as we discuss the extinct prehistoric Cypriot fauna.

Introduction to the History of Cyprus Podcast

Wed, 02 Mar 2022 23:57:00 -0500

Hello everyone. My name is Andreas Charalambous and welcome to the History of Cyprus Podcast. Several months ago, I took it upon myself to host a podcast with the broad aim of discussing the various facets of Cypriot history. At first I thought that maybe I could do the research myself and present it in a narration of sorts, but for an island the size of Cyprus, cataloging its history was a full time job and certainly not something I could undertake on my own. And then I had the thought of reaching out to the experts – those in the fields of archaeology, linguistics, social and political history – to share their research, their finds and their insight into the vast history of Cyprus. And this is just that. As far as I am aware, it is the first such English podcast dedicated to Cypriot history while providing a platform for academics to share new and exciting research in their respective fields. I'm happy to say that the History of Cyprus has truly turned out to be an interdisciplinary podcast.

I’d like to thank each and every participant (and every future guest) in this project as without their time and hard work in their respective fields, this would not have been possible. Every month I will be releasing a new episode as it relates to Cypriot history. In this podcast we’ll cover Cyprus from 10,000 BCE to the 20th century – we’ll discuss language, culture, war, economy, religion, political and social history. I’m confident that there’ll be something here for everyone. If you’d like to reach me, or have any comments or questions, please feel free to send me an email cyprusthepodcast@gmail.com.